高二英語基礎知識之定語從句
英語不止做為一門語言和交流工具，而是被提升到了必備技能的范疇，育路小編準備了高二英語基礎知識，具體請看以下內容。
一 定語從句
(一)定語從句概述
1. 定義：修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。2. 先行詞：被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。3. 關系詞：引導定語從句的關聯詞稱為關系詞。關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。
4. 關系詞常有三個作用：引導定語從句;代替先行詞;在定語從句中充當一個成分。如： Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read. 解析：that I have read是定語從句;novel是先行詞;that 是關系代詞，代替先行詞novel，在從句中作have read的賓語。 I've become good friends with several of the students in my school ______ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which解析：首先確定先行詞，根據空格后的從句I met in the English speech contest last year缺少met的賓語，該賓語應當為sb.，故可判斷先行詞不是從句最靠近的my school，而是被in my school所隔開的the students。故此，關系代詞該用who/whom或者省略。四個選項中，只有A選項正確。
(二)關系代詞使用規則
規則1：關系代詞若在限制性定語從句中作賓語并且前面無介詞時，關系代詞可省略，其他情況不可省。
She is the woman (whom / that/who) I wanted to see yesterday. 規則2：定語從句中的主謂一致問題 (1) 關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.(2) one of + 復數名詞+ 關系代詞+ 復數動詞;而the only one of + 復數名詞+ 關系代詞+ 單數動詞。
Harry Potter is one of the bestsellers that are popular with teenagers.
Harry Potter is the only one of the bestsellers that makes the author a billionaire. (3) 非限制性定語從句中，由關系代詞as或which代替整個主句時，從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數。
Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.(4) 關系代詞和謂語動詞之間有插入語時，謂語動詞單復數要看關系代詞的指代。
To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 20 years ago, now has become true.規則3：指物時，定語從句中的關系代詞只能用that的情況： (1) 當先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代詞時。
All that can be done has been done. (2) 當先行詞被the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no修飾時。
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.(3) 當先行詞是序數詞、形容詞最高級或者先行詞被序數詞、形容詞最高級修飾時。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
(4) 先行詞既有人又有物時。Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? (5)當主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時，為避免重復要用that。Who is the man that is standing there?(6) 有兩個定語從句時，其中一個關系代詞已用which，另一個則用that。
They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.(7) 當先行詞在主句中作表語，而關系代詞也在從句中作表語時，只用that。
Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.規則4：指物時，定語從句中的關系代詞只能用which的情況： (1) 在引導非限制性定語從句時。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (2)介詞后。We depend on the land from which we get our food.
(3)有兩個定語從句時，其中一個關系代詞已用that，另一個宜用which。
規則5：指人時，定語從句中的關系代詞只能用who的情況：(1)當先行詞是anyone, those時。 Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person? (2)有兩個定語從句時，其中一個關系代詞已用that，另一個宜用who。
規則6：whose可以指代人或物，在定語從句中作定語， 后跟名詞。
指物時，whose+名詞=名詞+ of which = of which+ 名詞。
The classroom whose door/ the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.規則7：關系代詞as和which
在非限制性定語從句中，as和which可代替整個主句，相當于and this或and that。二者的區別主要在于： (1) as引導的非限制性定語從句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有時還可以插入句中，常帶有“正如……，正像……”的意思。而which引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后，翻譯成“這”。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health. The man died last night, which is a lie.(2)主句中出現the same, as, such, so修飾先行詞或者the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等結構中需選擇as 關系代詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語。
This house is not such as I expect.(such為代詞，作先行詞; as在從句中作賓語)
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. I live in the same building as he (lives in). 【注意】當先行詞由the same修飾時，有時也用that引導定語從句，但是和由as所引導的意思不同：that表示同一個，as表示同一類。
The pencil is the same one as I lost last week.
The pencil is the same one that I lost last week (3) 在以下結構中，一般也用as: as (it) appears, as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happens, as (it) was pointed out/said/reported/announced, as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is wellknown, as is known to all, as anybody can see等。As was pointed out, this kind of substance is poisonous.
as 的這種用法通常出現在一些固定短語之中如：
1.as has been said before 如上所述
2.as may be imagined 正如可以想象出來的那樣
3.as is well known 眾所周知
4.as was expected 正如預料的那樣
5.as has been already pointed out 正如已經指出的那樣
6.as we all can see 正如我們都會看到的那樣規則8：“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句，關系代詞指人時用whom，指物時用which。 (1) 某些帶有介詞的動詞短語，介詞可以提至關系代詞之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短語動詞中，由于動詞和介詞不可以分割，因此不能將介詞置于關系代詞之前，如take care of, look for, look after, care for等。
This is the book (which / that) I am looking for.
(2)“介詞+關系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數詞，有時數詞或代詞也可以放在“介詞+關系代詞”之后。 He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
= He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.
(3)介詞+which / whom+to do結構。這種結構可以改為：介詞+which / whom+定語從句。
I don't have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.
=I don't have enough money with which I can buy such an expensive dress. (4)在非限制性定語從句中，which可作定語，指先行詞(短語或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介詞+which +名詞”結構，相當于and in/at/during this/that+名詞。
Mike was a student at the university from 1998 to 2004, during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students' Union.(三) 關系副詞使用規則規則1：when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語;when=表示時間的介詞(in / at / on / during…)+which。
I still remember the day when / on which I first came to the school.規則2：where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語，where=表示地點的介詞(in / at / on / under…)+which。
The house where / in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
規則3：why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語， why=表示原因的介詞(for)+which。
I don't know the reason why / for which he looks unhappy today.規則4：以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which或that引導，而且通常可以省略。
The way(in which / that)he answered the question was surprising.【注意】 The way (which / that) he explained to us was quite simple.(which / that在從句中充當賓語成分) 規則5：有時為了表達更清楚，可以在關系副詞where / when前加上介詞to, from等。
China is the birth place of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.【注意】一些特殊的先行詞如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具體情況具體分析，作主語、賓語和表語時，用關系代詞that/which;作狀語時，用關系副詞where/when或“介詞+which”。
There is one point (that/which) we must insist on. 有一個觀點我們必須堅持。(定語從句可還原為：we must insist on the point, 所以先行詞point在定語從句中作賓語，故用that/which或省略。) We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我們正努力做到能讓雙方坐下來對話。 (定語從句可還原為：at a point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行詞point在定語從句中作狀語，所以關系詞用where/at which。)(四)關系代詞/關系副詞的選擇 規則1：用還原法：將先行詞放入定語從句中，找到它的原有位置，判斷它作什么成分以及判斷先行詞指人還是指物。 規則2：一般說來，作主語、賓語或表語時，用關系代詞;作狀語時，用關系副詞或介詞+which;作定語時，用whose。 1. I will remember the days that we spent together. 2. June 7 is the day when we begin to take the college entrance examination. 3. This is the place that we visited the day before yesterday. 4. This is the place where he worked for ten years.
(五)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號和主句隔開，是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確，翻譯成先行詞的定語，“……的……”。 非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，通常翻譯成主句的并列句。關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。
His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.
他那個現在是律師的哥哥總是鼓勵他上大學。(他還有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥，現在是律師，總是鼓勵他上大學。(他只有一個哥哥)
(六) 定語從句和其他從句句型的區別規則1：區別such…as… / so…as…引導的定語從句和such/so…that…引導的結果狀語從句 如果從句缺少主語或賓語就是定語從句，連接詞用as;He is such a good boy as everyone likes.
如果從句的結構完整，就是結果狀語從句，連接詞用that。He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.規則2：區別非限制性定語從句與并列句 定語從句與主句之間用關系詞連接;He said nothing, which made me angry.
并列句之間用并列連詞。He said nothing, and that made me angry.規則3：定語從句與名詞性從句 定語從句中，關系代詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語。As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.
名詞性從句中的連詞that在從句中不作任何成分;News came that our class had won the game.
疑問代詞what及疑問副詞how可連接名詞性從句，但不能引導定語從句。
What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.
I don't know the reason how he has worked out the problem.規則4：定語從句與地點狀語從句 關系副詞引導定語從句時，其前面必須有時間、地點、原因等先行詞;
When you read the book, you'd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions.
疑問副詞連接狀語從句時，其前面沒有。
When you read the book, you'd better make a mark where you have any questions. 規則5：定語從句與強調句、狀語從句 that在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語;It was a small village (that/which) we know from my father.
強調句型中that不作任何成分，但不能省;It was in this small village that we got to know each other.
結果從句區別狀語從句中that也只起連接作用，在從句中不充當任何成分。(七)定語從句的考查
考題位置：在全國各地高考中主要出現在單項填空部分。1.主要考查的知識點： (1)關系詞的選用 (2)關系詞前加介詞等的用法 (3)定語從句的時態 (4)非限制性定語從句的用法 復習重點： (1)關系代詞和關系副詞的用法區別。 (2)掌握只能用that引導定語從句的情形。 (3)掌握“介詞+關系代詞”的定語從句。 (4)掌握as，which和whose引導非限制性定語從句的用法。2.如何應對定語從句考查 解題時，首先要確定先行詞，根據先行詞在從句中所作的句子成分來判斷該用關系代詞還是副詞，并且確定具體用哪個關系詞。如果從句中謂語動詞為不及物動詞，應考慮關系代詞前該不該加介詞。
尤其要注意以下兩種定語從句：
1) 使用where而非“地點”型定語從句。定語從句的先行詞是mark, situation, case, point, scene, business等名詞而且從句缺少狀語時，要使用where表示“一種特定的……情況”或“一個特定的……場合”。
He’s got himself into a dangerous situation _______ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why
正確答案是A;引導詞在句子中作狀語，where: “在此情況下”，還可以用in which來代替，句意為：
他使自己身臨險境——他很可能失去對飛機的控制。situation 在句中是“情境、情況”的意思。
“在此情況下”譯為：in this situation.
當situation作先行詞時后面的定語從句引導詞有如下兩種情況：
(1)引導詞在從句中作主語或賓語時,引導詞用that / which 作賓語時, 引導詞可省略。
Worrying never helps in a situation ( that / which ) you can’t change.
對于你無法改變的狀況，發愁于事無補。(引導詞在句子中作賓語)
(2)引導詞在從句中作狀語時，引導詞可用where 或in which / at which。
與situation用法類似的名詞有： condition(s)(條件、狀況); spot(地點);place (地方);position(位置);
stage(階段);case(情形、例、病例、案例);point(點、程度、);business(企業、事業);meeting(會議、集會);earth(地球、世界);society (社會);world (世界) ; surroundings(環境)等。
I can think of many cases _______students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
A. why B. which C. as D. where
正確答案為D，亦可用in which。句意為：
我能想起很多這樣的情況：學生們顯然認識許多英語單詞和短語，但卻寫不出一篇優美的短文。
2) “分隔”式定語從句。即運用插入語、介詞、副詞短語等手段使先行詞遠離關系代詞或關系副詞，以達到增加試題難度的效果。
The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
分隔式型定語從句
(1)先行詞與定語從句之間被用作定語的短語分開。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?
They still remember one afternoon in the first year when the professor took the students to the chemistry lab.
(2)先行詞與定語從句之間被用作狀語的短語分開。
I was the only person in my office that was invited.
There are thousands of stars in the sky that are like our Sun.
She sang the songs perfectly there yesterday which was written by me.
(3)先行詞與定語從句之間被主句謂語分隔。
The days are gone when we suffered so much. 我們受苦受難的日子過去了。
定語從句總結
1. 定語從句定義
2. 關系代詞/關系副詞
3. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
4. 定語從句和其他從句句型的區別
5. 定語從句的考查
高中是人生中的關鍵階段，大家一定要好好把握高中，編輯老師為大家整理的高二英語基礎知識，希望大家喜歡。
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