英語語法：定語從句學習難點講析
定語從句是各類從句學習的重點,也是難點。同學們在學習中常遇到一些難題,出現一些錯誤。下面就幾個難點作一講析。
一、如何正確使用連接主從句的引導詞
一個定語從句的引導詞是用關系代詞還是關系副詞,這是同學們首先遇到的一個難題,由于把握不準,所以出錯較多。請看以下例子:
1.
A. That is the school _____________we studied three years ago.
B. That is the school ____________ we built three years ago.
2.
A. I've forgotten the exact day ______ he gave me the film copy.
B. I've forgotten the exact day ______ he fixed for me to have the operation.
3.
A. Beijing is a city ____________ there is the famous Summer Palace.
B. Beijing is China's political and cultural center, ____________ has the most universities.
這三組句子中的A、B句看上去很相近,因此,同學們在判斷空格線上所使用的引導詞時很容易出錯。我們來作一解析:上述各組A句中先行詞所表示的是從句中謂語動詞動作發生的地點或時間,如1A句空格中指的是in the school, 2A句空格中指的是on the day, 3A句空格中指的是in the city,因此,引導詞指的是狀語,從句謂語動詞與先行詞之間是一種"謂狀"關系,要分別用 where, when, where;而上面各組B句中的先行詞表示的是定語從句的賓語或主語,如1B句中的 built the school, 2B句中的fixed the day, 3B句中的the place has,從句謂語動詞與先行詞之間是一種"動賓"或"主謂"關系,因此,引導詞要用關系代詞that或which(3B句是一個非限制性定語從句,只能用which)。
通過解析我們可知:判斷是用關系代詞還是關系副詞要看先行詞在從句中的指代。如果是謂語與狀語的關系,就用關系副詞,如果是主謂或是動賓關系就用關系代詞。
二、弄清幾個問題
1. 區別清"It +be"引導的強調句與帶有定語從句的復合句。請看下列兩組句子:
A. It was September 11, 2001 ________ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.
B. It was on September 11, 2001_______ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.
A. It was Wuhan ____________ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.
B. It was in Wuhan ____________ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.
以上兩組A、B句除了分別相差介詞on 和in之外,其余部分完全相同。但一詞之差句式不同,橫線上的詞也不同。那么究竟哪個是強調句,哪個是含定語從句的復合句呢?有一個簡單的判定方法:去掉It was和連接詞(橫線部分)。如果剩余部分仍是一個完整的句子,則是強調句;否則,那個空格中所用的引導詞及其引導的部分就是定語從句。根據這個原則我們就很容易判斷出兩組的A句是含定語從句的復合句,橫線部分分別用關系副詞when 和where。而B句則是強調句,橫線部分應是that。
2. 定冠詞的有無
有時定冠詞在句中有決定性的作用。有無定冠詞影響著定語從句的結構。如:
(1) This is one of the books that_______ (sell) well in the bookstore.
(2) This is the one of the books that _________ (sell) well in the bookstore.
sell取單數還是復數?分析:在(1)中,that 引導的定語從句修飾的是the books, 而(2)中one前有了一個the, 句子重心前移,這時從句修飾的是the one。因此(1)應用sell, (2)應用sells。
再看:
(1) Is this the boy _______ you want to talk to?
(2) Is this boy __________ you want to talk to?
在這兩個句子中,(1)the boy 是先行詞,它在主句中是表語,定語從句修飾的是主句的表語,因此空格處應用whom, that(甚至who 也可以); 但(2)則不同,從結構上看,這個主句不全,this boy是主語,is是系動詞,沒有表語(先行詞),所以首先要補上先行詞(名詞或代詞),寫成Is this boy the boy ______ you want to talk to?這里boy重復,用one代替,然后再在空白處加上關系代詞whom(who),或that,即是Is this boy the one whom (that) you want to talk to?
3. 注意標點符號的形式
有時我們會見到這樣的句子:
(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table, _________ read: "I've left for Harbin."
(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table. __________ read: "I've left for Harbin."
一個標點符號決定一個句子的結構。在(1)中,橫線前是一個逗號,說明逗號前后是一個句子的兩個部分。根據句意可知逗號后是一個非限制性定語從句,因此橫線部分用which。(2)中前后兩句之間用了句號,說明前后是兩個獨立的句子,因此,空格處應填入能作主語,代替a note的代詞。因為指物,故用It。
超越語法: 定語從句典型錯誤剖析
定語從句是中學英語中的一個重要語法項目,學生們在學習和使用中出現了這樣或那樣的錯誤�，F將其中的一些典型錯誤句例總結如下,供大家引以為鑒。
1. Is this the pen your father bought it for you?
答案:去掉it。
解析:定語從句中的關系詞在從句中充當一定的成分。因此從句中不能再出現與關系詞作用相同的代詞或名詞,以避免重復。誤句中省略的關系代詞(which/that)作bought的賓語,故it是多余的。
2. Have you been to the company where she works there?
答案:去掉there。
解析:關系副詞已作了working的地點狀語。
3. I shall never forget the days when I spent with you.
答案:將when改為which/that。
解析:先行詞在定語從句中作spent的賓語,故用which/that,而when在從句中只作時間狀語。
4. Is this all what you want to say?
答案:將what改為that。
解析:先行詞為指物的不定代詞時,其后的定語從句用that來引導,作賓語時也可省略。而what不能引導定語從句。
5. He lived in a house, in front of it he planted some beautiful flowers.
答案:將it改為which。
解析:這是一個含有非限制性定語從句的復合句, which在從句中作介詞賓語。
6. Mother came back on December 21 when was my birthday.
答案:將when改為which。
解析: which指代時間(December 21)作定語從句的主語。
7. This is the ring for which she is looking.
答案:將for移到looking之后。
解析:look for是固定短語動詞,不能夠拆開使用。
8. Is this history museum that some foreign friends visited last week?
答案:在that前加the one。
解析:犯這類錯誤的主要原因是錯把this history museum看作是定語從句的先行詞。根據句子結構,this history museum應是主句的主語。故應添加一個定語從句的先行詞the one作主句中的表語。
9. This is the monitor her English is the best in our class.
答案:將her改為whose。
解析:用whose代替her引起定語從句,修飾先行詞the monitor。
10. As you know it, he has left for Australia.
答案:去掉it。
解析:關系代詞as作know的賓語,再使用it就重復了。
11. The meeting was put off, that was exactly what we wanted.
答案:將that改為which。
解析:that作為關系代詞不能用于非限制定語從句中。此處which指代主句(The meeting was put off)。
12. I don't like the way which you treat your mother.
答案: 1)在which前加in。 2) 將which改為that。 3) 去掉which。
解析:當先行詞the way在定語從句中作狀語時,其關系代詞可用that/in which或不用。
13. He told the good news to those who was present at the meeting.
答案:將was改為were。
解析:定語從句中的謂語動詞,在數和人稱上必須與主句中的先行詞保持一致。該句的先行詞是those, 故應用were。
14. The expert visited our school is from Shanghai.
答案:在visited前加who。
解析:關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時不能省略。
15. Who's the old man whom you just shook hands?
答案:在hands后加上with。
解析:定語從句中的關系代詞whom作with的賓語,故介詞with不能省略。
定語從句歸納·拓展(一)
引導定語從句的詞叫作關系代詞或關系副詞。關系代詞有who、 whom、 whose、 that、 which、as等;關系副詞有when、 where、 why等。它們具有三個功能:
1.連接主句和從句; 2. 指代先行詞; 3. 在從句中充當一種成分。如:"This is the book that I want to buy.""that"連接主句"This is the book"和從句"I want to buy",指代先行詞"book",并在從句中作"buy"的賓語。
一、關系代詞的用法
關系代詞的選用:第一,取決于它指代的是人還是物,指代人時可用who、 whom、 that或as, 指代物時用that、 which或as;第二,取決于它在從句中充當的成分,關系代詞在從句中可充當主語、賓語、定語等。如:
1) The man who / that is standing at the door is my English teacher. 站在門口的那個人是我的英語老師。(who / that在從句中充當主語)
2) Do you know the man whom / that we met in the street? 你認識我們在街上碰到的那個人嗎?(whom / that在從句中充當賓語)
指人的who和whom有格的區別:who在從句中作主語(在非正式說法中也可作賓語),whom在從句中只能作賓語,不能作主語,也可以省略。
3) The problem that / which troubles us is how to finish the work in time. 使我們煩惱的問題是怎樣才能按時完成這項工作。 (that / which在從句中作主語)
4) The book that / which I bought yesterday is worth reading. 昨天我買的這本書值得一讀。(that / which在從句中作賓語,這時可以省略)
關系代詞whose一般指人,表示"該人的",也可指物,表示"該物的",在從句中作定語。如:
That's the painter whose works are so highly regarded. 那位就是其作品受到很高評價的畫家。
The building whose roof we can see from here is a hotel. 我們在這兒望得見屋頂的那座房子是一個旅館。
whose在以物為先行詞時,可用of which代替,尤其是口語中。上例相當于:The building the roof of which we can see from here is a hotel.
二、"介詞+關系代詞"引導的定語從句
關系代詞whom, which在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時,可以跟介詞一起放在主句和從句之間;當先行詞指人時,介詞后的關系代詞用whom, 其余用which,這時的關系代詞不能省略;有時為了使關系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞,也可以把介詞放在從句中有關動詞的后面,這時的which可用that替換。當介詞放在從句有關動詞的后面時,關系代詞which, that, whom在口語中和非正式文體中經常省略。如:
This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which / that) he used to live in. 這是他過去居住過的房間。
Who's the man with whom you just shook hands? =Who's the man (that / whom) you just shook hands with? 剛才你與他握手的那個人是誰?
但含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開,介詞仍放在動詞的后面。如:
This is the book (which / that) I'm looking for. 這就是我在找的那本書。
在這類定語從句中,介詞的選擇一般根據動詞的需要,如上述幾例,或者根據先行詞來決定。如:
There is a mountain of which the top is always covered with snow. 有一座山頂總是覆蓋著雪的山。
三、關于使用關系代詞的幾點說明:
1. 指物的關系代詞that和which常可互換,但下列情況下通常用關系代詞that:
1)當先行詞是:all, none, much, little, everything, everybody, everyone, nothing等不定代詞時。如:
All (that) he said at the meeting encouraged us greatly. 他在會上說的一切,使我們受到很大的鼓舞。
2)當先行詞前有形容詞的最高級、序數詞及the last, the same, the only, the very等修飾時。如:
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 這是我所看過影片中最好的一部。
The first article (that) Lucy wrote in Chinese was good. 露西用漢語寫的第一篇文章很好。
3)先行詞中既含有"人"也含有"物"時。如:
He talked about the teachers and schools (that) he had visited. 他談起他所訪問過的老師和學校。
2. 關系代詞作表語時一般不用who,而用that。如:
He is not the man that he was. 他不是從前的他了。(從句中that是was的表語)
3. 若含有疑問代詞:who, which, what等時,應避免使用關系代詞who, which,而應用that。如:
Who that knows him will believe him. 認識他的人會相信他。
Which of the two cows (that) you keep produces more milk? 你養的兩頭奶牛,哪頭產奶多?
定語從句歸納·拓展(二)
--when, where, why
引導定語從句學習四要素
when、where、why引導的定語從句是定語從句重要內容,也是高考重要考點,學習這些定語從句時應注意下列幾點:
一、掌握when、 where、 why基本用法
when、 where、 why是關系副詞,其基本用法如下表。
關系副詞 屬性 在句中作用 例 句
when 表時間 時間狀語 I remember the days when I stayed there.
where 表地點 地點狀語 This is the room where I lost my pen.
why 表原因 原因狀語 This is the reason why he was late.
二、熟悉易誤用when, where, why的場合
若先行詞雖表時間、地點、原因,但在定語從句中不作時間、地點和原因狀語而作主語或賓語,屬于關系代詞范疇,應用關系代詞that或which,而不能用關系副詞when, where, why引導定語從句。例:
I regret the days (that / which) I wasted in the woods. 我后悔在森林里虛度的日子。(先行詞在從句中作賓語)
I'll never forget the year 1976 which /that was full of sadness.我不會忘記充滿悲哀的1976年。(先行詞在從句中作主語)
That is the factory that/which produces cars.那是生產小汽車的工廠。(先行詞在從句中作主語)
That is the factory (that / which) he visited yesterday. 那是他昨天參觀的工廠。(先行詞在從句中作賓語)
He gave the reason that / which was unreasonable. 他給出一個沒道理的理由。(先行詞在從句中作主語)
What is the reason (that/which) he raised? 他提出的理由是什么?(先行詞在從句中作賓語)
三、了解關系副詞與關系代詞轉換規律
關系代詞whom或which在定語從句中作介詞賓語時,介詞可放在后面,也可提前構成介詞+關系代詞whom (先行詞指人)/which(先行詞指物)引導定語從句(這種方法更為正式)。例:
Mary is the girl whom I borrowed a book from. = Mary is the girl from whom I borrowed a book. 瑪麗就是我向她借書的那個女孩。
Is this the room that/which he once lived in? = Is this the room in which he once lived? 這是他曾經住過的房子嗎?
常見的有以下幾種情況:
1. where=in/on which 例:
This is the room where / in which he lives.這是他住的房間。
I can see the playground where / on which they do sports.我能看見他們進行運動的操場。
2. when= on/in/at which 例:
I still remember the year when/ in which I joined the Party.我仍然記得入黨的那一年。
I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party. 我仍然記得入黨的那一天。
I still remember the hour when/at which the rocket was launched.我仍然記得那個火箭發射的時刻。
3. why=for which 例:
This is the reason why / for which he was killed.這是他被殺害的原因。
但下列情況下介詞不能提前:
⑴用who代替whom,用that代替which時,介詞不能提前。例:
He's the boy who I learned English from.這是我向他學英語的男孩。
This should be the place that Tom sent the parcel to. 這應是湯姆送包裹的地方。
⑵當whom、which省去時介詞不能提前。例:
Is he the boy you went there with?他是和你一起去那兒的男孩嗎?
This is the room he lived in. 這是他住過的房間。
⑶當whom, which作為含有介詞的動詞短語的賓語時,介詞一般來說不能拆開提前。例:
You're the very man whom I'm looking for. 你正是我在找的那個人。
This is the program which he listened to. 這就是他聽過的節目。
再看下面幾種結構:
(一)介詞+whose引導的定語從句
whose引導定語從句時,可出現創新句型:介詞+whose引導定語從句。解這種定語從句時需弄清從句的動詞與先行詞、whose后邊的名詞及定語從句主語之間的關系,并發揮合理想象,不難發現其中正確的邏輯關系。例:
She is the girl to whose father I talked yesterday. 她就是昨天我和其父親談話的女孩。
He is the boy for whose boss I work. 他就是我為其老板打工的男孩。
(二)復雜介詞+whom/which引導定語從句
I stay at the hotel at the back of which is a small garden. 我住在后面有一座花園的旅館。
(三)數詞(不定量數詞)/ 含所屬關系名詞+of whom/which引導定語從句。例:
She has many books, only one of which is interesting. 她有許多書,只有一本是有趣的。
四、明確when, where引導定語從句需特別注意的情況
1. when引導定語從句需特別注意的情況
(1)當先行詞為time,time前面有序數詞或last 加以修飾時,應用that而不用when引導定語從句。例:
This is the first/last time that I shall give you a lesson. 這是我第一次/最后一次給你們上課。
This is the third time that he has been to Beijing. 這是他第三次去北京。
(2)當time前面沒有序數詞或last加以修飾時,既可用when又可用that引導定語從句。例:
Can you tell me the exact time when/that the sports meeting will be held? 你告訴我運動會舉行的確切時間嗎?
2.where引導定語從句需特別注意的情況
當point, situation等詞作先行詞引導定語從句時表抽象的地點,若在定語從句中作地點狀語,應由where引導定語從句。
Can you think out a situation where this word can be used?你能設想出這個單詞被使用的場合嗎?
Her illness has developed to the point where nobody can cure her. 她的病發展到沒人能治的地步。
(責任編輯：yuxue)
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