2009年高考英語復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)匯總（一）

高三英語輔導(dǎo)：高三復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)匯總

   很多同學(xué)看了很多語法書, 可是覺得自己做題的時(shí)候, 自己對(duì)語法掌握得還不是很好. 當(dāng)然原因很多. 其一就是很多同學(xué)在研究語法(這是語法學(xué)家做的事情), 比如哪些詞可以做主語, 背得很熟, 可是做題時(shí)卻用不上. 其二就是基本的語法規(guī)則沒有掌握 本站將推出高考語法復(fù)習(xí)專題, 從高考的角度來講語法 希望對(duì)有需要的同學(xué)有幫助.   
特色: 推出一句話語法.一句話語法為語法之精要,在此基礎(chǔ)上擴(kuò)展就可以形成語法體系.
 語法復(fù)習(xí)一：句子成分；簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
 一、句子成分
 （一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。
 （二）主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。一句話語法: 主語由名詞性的詞來充當(dāng). 例如：
 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）
 We often speak English in class.（代詞）
 One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）
 To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
 Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）
 The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）
 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句）
 It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）
 （三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。一句話語法: 謂語由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng). 有很多同學(xué)在寫作的時(shí)候容易犯的錯(cuò)誤就是要么亂用be動(dòng)詞,要么句子沒有謂語動(dòng)詞. 謂語的構(gòu)成如下：
 1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.
 2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。注意:這里面的動(dòng)詞原形非常重要. 如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students.
 （四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。一句話語法: 表語使用形容詞,不用副詞! 例如：
 Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）
 Is it yours?（代詞）
 The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）
 The speech is exciting.（分詞）
 Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）
 His job is to teach English.（不定式）
 His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）
 The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）
 Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）注意: 副詞可以做表語的只有幾個(gè),非常簡單,考試不考,所以上面說:表語使用形容詞,不用副詞! 我們所復(fù)習(xí)的語法直接針對(duì)高考,不是搞語法研究,這點(diǎn)請(qǐng)大家一定要記住.
 The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）
 （五）賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。一句話語法:賓語由名詞性的詞充當(dāng),賓語分為動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語,分別構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu),這點(diǎn)非常重要,務(wù)必要牢記.例如：
 They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）
 The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞）
 How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）
 They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）
 He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語）
 I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語）
 I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）
 賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.如果同學(xué)搞不清楚什么是雙賓語,記下下面這個(gè)句子: give me a book.一人一物做賓語就是雙賓語.說得白一點(diǎn),雙就是兩個(gè)的意思.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.
 （六）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。一句話語法: 賓語補(bǔ)足語使用形容詞,不用副詞.例如：
 His father named him Dongming.（名詞）
 They painted their boat white.（形容詞）
 Let the fresh air in.（副詞）
 You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）
 We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）
 We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）
 We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）
 （七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。一句話語法:定語使用形容詞 定語可由以下等成分表示：
 Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）
 China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） 
 There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）
 His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）
 Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）
 The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）
 He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）
 （八）狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子(這個(gè)就叫狀語,一句話語法: 狀語用副詞,不用形容詞)，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。可由以下形式表示：
 Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）
 He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）
 He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語）
 He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語）
 Wait a minute.（名詞）
 Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）
 狀語種類如下：
 How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語）(表示時(shí)間就是時(shí)間狀語,那表示原因的呢? 對(duì)嘍,就是原因狀語)
 Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語）
 I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（條件狀語）
 Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語）
 She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）
 She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）
 In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語）
 He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語）
 She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語）
 I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）
 練習(xí)一
 一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：
 1. The students got on the school bus.
 2. He handed me the newspaper.
 3. I shall answer your question after class.
 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
 5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
 6. His job is to train swimmers.
 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
 8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
 10. His wish is to become a scientist.
 11. He managed to finish the work in time.
 12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
 13. He found it important to master English.
 14. Do you have anything else to say?
 15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.
 16. Would you please tell me your address?
 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
 19. He noticed a man enter the room.
 20. The apples tasted sweet.
 二、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的主語（—）、謂語（＝）、賓語（～）：
 I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.
 三、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的定語（—）、狀語（＝）、補(bǔ)語（～）：
 Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 
 四、選擇填空：
 ( )1. ____ will leave for Beijing.
 A. Now there the man           B. The man here now
 C. The man who is here now      D. The man is here now
 ( ) 2. The weather ____.
 A. wet and cold                  B. is wet and cold 
  C. not wet and cold               D. were wet and cold
 ( ) 3. The apple tasted ____.
 A. sweets      B. sweetly      C. nicely      D. sweet
 ( ) 4. He got up ____ yesterday morning.
 A. lately      B. late      C. latest      D. latter
 ( )5. The actor ______at the age of 70.
 A. dead      B. died      C. dyed      D. deaded
 ( )6. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.
 A. We, us      B. Us, we      C. We, our      D. We, we
 ( )7. He found the street much ______.
 A. crowd       B. crowding      C. crowded      D. crowdedly
 ( ) 8.I think _____necessary to learn English well.
 A. its        B. it       C. that        D. that is
 ( ) 9. The dog ____ mad.
 A. looks     B. is looked      C. is being looked     D. was looked
 ( )10.I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army.
 A. that      B. when      C. in which       D. where
 前三題做不做都可以 第四題答案: 1-5 CBDBB 6-10 ACBAB
 大家重點(diǎn)做一下第四題,有些題目比較難(當(dāng)然是相對(duì)于我們剛復(fù)習(xí)的語法而言,比如第一題是定語從句,這個(gè)我們還沒有復(fù)習(xí)到,所以做不好也是正常的),做完題之后,回過頭來再看一下一句話語法是不是很有用.
  語法復(fù)習(xí)一：句子成分；簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
（一）句子種類兩種分類法
1、按句子的用途可分四種：
1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
特點(diǎn): 用句號(hào)結(jié)束一個(gè)句子
2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 
疑問句就是問句
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
祈使句: 表示命令或者請(qǐng)求. 和有沒有主語沒有關(guān)系 
4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!
還有一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)是用 what. how 后面加上的是形容詞副詞.what后面加上的是名詞.
2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：
1）簡單句：只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。
要注意喲,逗號(hào)是不可以連接句子的,這一點(diǎn)和漢語不同.
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。
有主句和從句構(gòu)成,在一個(gè)句子前面加上連詞(當(dāng)然不是and,but,or了),這個(gè)句子就是從句了.
e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
（二）簡單句的五種基本句型
1、主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語：e.g. He is a student.
2、主語+不及物動(dòng)詞：e.g. We work.
3、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）：
   e.g. My father bought me a car.
5、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.
注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。
這是非常重要的,不需要理解,背下來吧
（三）并列句的分類
1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等連接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
這里大家記住這些連詞就夠用了.如果一下子記不住這么多,就記一個(gè)兩個(gè),記住有的時(shí)候不要和自己較勁
（四）高考考點(diǎn)探討
1、簡單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多，但是在閱讀中有時(shí)需借助于劃分句子成分去理解，在書面表達(dá)中，沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達(dá)清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。有時(shí)把祈使句與反意疑問句結(jié)合于一體來考查。一個(gè)題目，幾個(gè)考點(diǎn)，是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。
3、高考對(duì)簡單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對(duì)連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。
4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起，以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯，時(shí)間從句與條件從句中，如果主句是將來時(shí)，從句則用一般式表將來，這一點(diǎn)在高考中經(jīng)常考查。
如：We will go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow。

練習(xí)二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
一、判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：
1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：
I hope you are very well（ ）. I'm fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（ ） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（ ）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（ ）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（ ）. But he employs more men for the harvest（ ）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（ ）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（ ）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（ ）. Every evening we pump water from a well（ ）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（ ）.
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（ ）. These parties often make us very happy（ ）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（ ）. It's great（ ）! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion（ ）. Some of my friends drink beer（ ）. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party（ ）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（ ）. There are five different time areas in the States（ ）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（ ）. How many different time areas do you have in China（ ）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（ ）. Please give my best regards to your parents（ ）. 
三、選擇填空：重點(diǎn)做
1. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to finish it.
A. and       B. or       C. if        D. so
2. It’s the third time that John has been late, ____?
A. hasn’t he      B. isn’t he     C. isn’t it      D. hasn’t it
3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again!
A. How      B. What     C. What a      D. What an
4. Let us pass, ____?
A. shan’t we B. shall we C. won’t we D. will you
5. I suppose he’s serious, ____ ?
A. do I      B. don’t I     C. is he     D. isn’t he
6. You had better not smoke here, ____?
A. will you     B. had you     C. shall you     D. have you
7. Train as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition.
A. then       B. but       C. and        D. or
8. I’m sorry to have to say this, ____ you forgot to turn off the lights when 
   you left the room last night.
A. and      B. but      C. so      D. because
9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and ____.
  A. Henry hasn’t too              B. Henry also has not either
 C. neither Henry has             D. neither has Henry
10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, 
    ____ others enjoy swimming.
A. or      B. for      C. while      D. so
11. ---- Do you feel like going out ____ would you rather have dinner at home?
---- I’d like to go out. A. or      B. and       C. but      D. so
12. ---- “____ is the temperature today?” ----“It’s 38 degrees.”
A. Which     B. How     C. How hot     D. How high
13. ---- Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ---- ____.
A. Yes, he isn’t     B. No, he isn’t     C. No, he is     D. He is
14. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!
A. How, is she    B. What, is she    C. How, she is    D. What, she is
15. Mary went to bed early, ____ she felt very tired.
A. or     B. so      C. for      D. yet
16. Mother ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. was making     B. makes     C. is making     D. made
17. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library.
A. but            B. and            C. or          D. yet
18. ---- I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do.
    ---- ____ what you want and I can get it for you.
A. Tell me                 B. If you would say to me 
C. You will tell me          D. If you tell me
19. As he is strong, ____ can lift one hundred pounds.
A. yet he      B. but he      C. and     D. he
20. ---- I thought you had an umbrella. ---- I had, ____ I’ve lost it.
A. since      B. but      C. because      D. so
21. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
A. Turning     B. To turn     C. Turned       D. Turn
22. ---- I don’t like chicken ____ fish.
     ---- I don’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much.
A. and, and     B. and, but     C. or, and      D. or, but
23. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? 
---- I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy.
A. and     B. so     C. as      D. but
24. Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and     B. then      C. or     D. otherwise
25. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
A. arriving     B. to arrive     C. having arrived     D. and arrived
26. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ____ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing          B. and point angrily 
C. angrily pointed         D. and angrily pointed
27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was 
   talking about my daughter.
A. whom     B. where     C. which     D. while
28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left     B. Leaving     C. If you leave     D. Leave
29. ---- Alice, you feed the bird today, ____? ---- But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you     B. will you     C. didn’t you     D. don’t you
30. ____ him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind      B. Glance at     C. Stare at     D. Watch
四、按要求完成下列句子：
1. He dares to tell the truth.（改為否定句）
2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（對(duì)畫線部分提問）
3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, ____________?
（完成反意疑問）
4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.（改為祈使句）
5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改為一般疑問句)
6. It is an interesting story.（改為感嘆句）
7. This magazine comes out（出版）every other week.（對(duì)畫線部分提問）
8. They could hardly believe his words, ____________?（完成反意疑問）
9. The moon is shining brightly.（改為感嘆句）
10.Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class. 
（對(duì)畫線部分提問）
一、1、簡單句；2、復(fù)合句；3、簡單句；4、簡單句；5、并列句；6、復(fù)合句；7、并列句；8、復(fù)合句；9、簡單句；10、簡單句
二、
I hope you are very well（復(fù)合句）. I'm fine, but tired（簡單句）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（并列句）. August is the hottest month here（簡單句）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（并列句） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（簡單句）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（并列復(fù)合句）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（簡單句）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（復(fù)合句）. But he employs more men for the harvest（簡單句）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（簡單句）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（簡單句）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（簡單句）. Every evening we pump water from a well（簡單句）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（簡單句）.
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（簡單句）. These parties often make us very happy（簡單句）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（簡單句）. It's great（ 簡單句）! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion（簡單句）. Some of my friends drink beer（簡單句）. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party（復(fù)合句）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（簡單句）. There are five different time areas in the States（簡單句）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（簡單句）. How many different time areas do you have in China（簡單句）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（簡單句）. Please give my best regards to your parents（簡單句）.
三、1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD
四、1. He doesn’t dare to tell the truth. 或He dare not tell the truth. 2. How long have they lived here? 3. won’t there 4. Be careful with your pronunciation. 5. Did they go for a walk after supper yesterday evening? 6. What an interesting story (it is)! 或How interesting the story is! 7. How often does this magazine come out? 8. could they 9. How brightly the moon is shining! 10. Who is always encouraging us to speak English in class?
 高考語法復(fù)習(xí)二、主謂一致
在英語句子里，謂語受主語支配，其動(dòng)詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個(gè)原則，即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。
（一）語法一致原則：語法上一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。
1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.
2、由連接詞and或both … and連接起來的合成主語后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動(dòng)詞。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
注意：① 若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it.
3、主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
4、either, neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.
注意：① 在口語中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（或代詞）”作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.
5、在定語從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6、如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 
注意：people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：The police are looking for the lost child.
7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.
注意： a number of“許多”，作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；the number of“…的數(shù)量”，主語是number，謂語用單數(shù)。
8、在倒裝句中，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.
（二）邏輯意義一致原則：邏輯意義一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語的意義一致（因有時(shí)主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)；有時(shí)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù)）。
1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來決定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.
2、表示“時(shí)間、重量、長度、價(jià)值”等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式， 這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 
3、若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.
4、表數(shù)量的短語“one and a half”后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式（也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.
5、算式中表示數(shù)目（字）的主語通常作單數(shù)看待，其謂語動(dòng)詞采用單數(shù)形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
6、一些學(xué)科名詞是以 –ics 結(jié)尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study.
7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
8、“定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
（三）就近一致原則：在英語句子中，有時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語保持一致。
1、當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also連接時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?
2、there be句型be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..
注意：Here引導(dǎo)的句子用法同上。