一天一篇真題記單詞（四）

     subsequent adj. 后來的, 并發的
     [例] subsequent events 隨后發生的一些事件
     [同義] following ，later， next
     [反義] previous adj. 在前的, 早先的 adv. 在...以前 ， 返回上一級菜單
     [派生] subsequence n. 后繼, 隨后

      nevertheless conj. 然而, 不過 adv. 仍然, 不過
     [例] She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working. 她雖然很疲倦，可仍在繼續工作。
     [同義] although ，anyway ，but ， regardless

     remarkable adj. 不平常的, 非凡的, 顯著的
     [例] Your work has been remarkable this week.這星期你的工作很出色。
     [同義] exceptional ，extraordinary ，great ， notable， noteworthy， special
     [派生] remark n. 備注, 評論, 注意, 注釋 vt. 評論,注意, 談及

     reasoning n. 推理（08翻譯考到這個詞）, 評理, 論證 adj. 推理的
     [例] His close reasoning gave fibre to his argument. 他嚴密的邏輯使他的論點強勁有力。
     [派生] reason n. 理由, 原因, 動機, 理智, 前提
        vt. 說服, 推論, 辯論 vi. 推論, 勸說, 思考
      reasonable adj. 合理的, 有道理的, 通情達理的, 講道理的

      adaptive adj. 適應的
     [例] What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with the situation .
     我們所能做的就是培養自己的適應能力去適應這種情況。
     [派生] adapt vt. 使適應, 改編
     adaptable adj. 能適應的, 可修改的

     instance n. 1 實例 2 建議, 要求 3 情況, 場合 vt. 舉...為例；獲得例證
     [例] There are many instances of good people and good deeds nowadays. 現時好人好事的例子很多。
     [同義] case ，circumstance， example ，occasion
     [固定搭配] at the instance of 應...的請求；for instance 例如，舉例說

     duration　n. 持續時間, 為期
     [例] We hope the war will be short duration 我們希望戰爭是短期的。
     [同義] period， term ，time

     flexibility　 n. 彈性, 適應性
     [例] The flexibility of a man's muscles will lessen as he becomes old. 人老了肌肉的柔韌性將降低。
    [派生] flexible adj. 柔韌性, 易曲的, 靈活的

     contemporary n. 同時代的人 adj. 當代的, 同時代的
     [例] Shelley and Keats were contemporaries. 雪萊和濟慈是同一時代的人

    【真題原文】

      學習完單詞后自己認真翻譯原文，并將原文中紅色字體部分句子的譯文回帖，認真答題者獎勵50HY，灌水者殺無赦。

     That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behavior demands memory , remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences .

     Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.

     In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example ,learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.

     Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage ( input) and forgetting (output) . Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.

     【原文翻譯】

     過去的經歷能影響隨后的行為，這種顯而易見但卻十分重要的行為叫做記憶。如果沒有記憶這種功能，學習行為就不可能發生。不斷的練習對記憶產生影響，使我們能夠熟練地演奏鋼琴，背誦詩歌，閱讀和理解文字。所謂的智力行為需要記憶，記憶也是推理的基礎。解決問題能力，甚至識別問題的能力，都要依靠記憶。例如，作出穿越馬路的決定就是建立在此前經歷的記憶的基礎之上的。

     練習（或者復習）能夠建立和鞏固對事情或學到的知識的記憶。如果一段時間沒有練習，學到的東西就可能忘掉，這種適應的結果可能并不明顯，但是突然性的遺忘就可以看作是適應的結果了。從這個意義上來說，遺忘的能力可以理解成，是在動物的自然選擇過程中保留下來的。確實如此，一段令人痛苦的記憶會導致嚴重的焦慮不安，這時遺忘可以緩解痛苦。然而，這種解釋很難真正讓人了解，普通的緩慢遺忘過程是怎樣從自然選擇的過程中保留下來的。

     在考慮記憶的進化問題時，可以思考一下，如果記憶永遠不會淡忘，那會出現什么情況呢？很顯然，遺忘有助于時間上的調整，因為舊的記憶會褪色，而新的記憶會變的更加明顯，使我們能夠推測事情發生的時間先后。如果不遺忘，人的適應能力就會受到破壞，比如：十年前正確的行為十年后可能已經不再正確了。在一些病歷中，有的人遺忘的太少（和普通人相比），以至于他們的行為充滿了混淆。這樣看來，遺忘似乎有助于個人和整個人類的生存。

      另一種猜想是存儲記憶的系統的容量是有限的， 因此通過遺忘靈活地進行調整。在學習或者記憶存儲（輸入）和遺忘（輸出）之間不斷進行著調整。實際上，有證據表明一個人遺忘的速度和他學習的速度是直接相關的，這些數據完全證明了當代的輸入-----輸出平衡的記憶模式。