2010年考研英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法輔導(dǎo)(五)

1．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常考的其它結(jié)構(gòu) 
　(1)疑問(wèn)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu) 
　疑問(wèn)詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語(yǔ)。它在句中可以用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和雙重賓語(yǔ)。如： 
　When to start has not been decided．何時(shí)動(dòng)身尚未決定。(主語(yǔ)) 
　I don’t know what to do．我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語(yǔ)) 
　The difficulty was how to cross the river．困難在于如何過(guò)河。(表語(yǔ)) 
　I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書(shū)。(雙重賓語(yǔ)) 
　(注)A.有時(shí)疑問(wèn)詞前可用介詞，如： 
　I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。 
　B.動(dòng)詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)，只能跟疑問(wèn)詞(如：how, what)+不定式： 
　While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen. 
　(2)介詞except和but作“只有…，只能…”講時(shí)跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)(but與不帶to的不定式連用)。 
　When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet. 
　(3)不帶to的不定式 
　1)在表示生理感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有： 
　feel 覺(jué)得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽(tīng)到 
　watch注視 listen to聽(tīng) perceive察覺(jué)，感知 
　notice注意 see看見(jiàn) look at看 hear聽(tīng) 
　On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue. 
　2)另一類是某些使役動(dòng)詞，如make, let，have等。如： 
　Let him do it.讓他做吧。 
　I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。 
　(注)： 
　①上述感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞與使役動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如： 
　He was seen to come． 
　The boy was made to go to bed early. 
　②在動(dòng)詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如: 
　He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝。 
　3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如： 
　Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒(méi)有干。 
　但是，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。 
　The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒(méi)有說(shuō)。 
　There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒(méi)有別有別的辦法。 
　(4)不定式與動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)和分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) 
　1)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如： 
　I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個(gè)人干這活是不可能的。 
　(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。例如： 
　It was wise of him to do that．他那樣做是明智的。 
　2)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動(dòng)名詞；②名詞’s+動(dòng)名詞。例如： 
　Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅(jiān)持要我和他們一起去。 
　He dislikes his wife’s working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。 
　3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來(lái)引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語(yǔ)。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 
　It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了。 
　間或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。 
　It’s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。 
　2．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的有關(guān)句型 
　(1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的句型 
　1)Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.閱讀是門(mén)藝術(shù)。Seeing is believing.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。 
　2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth. 
　It is no use crying.哭沒(méi)有用。It is no good objecting.反對(duì)也沒(méi)有用。 
　It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣。 
　It is a waste of time trying to explain．設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。 
　3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth． 
　It is useless speaking.光說(shuō)沒(méi)用。 
　It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。 
　It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。 
　It is expensive running this car．開(kāi)這種小車是浪費(fèi)。 
　4)There is no + doing.．.(there is no 表“不可能”) 
　There is no telling what he is going to do．說(shuō)出他要干什么是不可能的。 
　There is no saying what may happen.說(shuō)出將要發(fā)生什么是不可能的。 
　5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事沒(méi)用(不好/意義/重要性) 
　There is no use crying over spilt milk．牛奶灑了，哭也無(wú)用。 
　6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing 
　have作有解時(shí)，后接情感名詞(in可省略)，再接動(dòng)名詞。這類詞還有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time. 
　例如：We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan．我們執(zhí)行計(jì)劃有困難。 
　7)feel like + 名詞 感覺(jué)像動(dòng)名詞 “ 想要” =would like to +原形動(dòng)詞 
　I feel like a newborn baby．我感覺(jué)像一個(gè)新生的嬰兒。 
　Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看電影嗎? 
　I don’t feel like studying tonight．今晚我不想讀書(shū)。 
　8) spend/waste time doing sth. 
　They spent a lot time (in) making preparations．他們花了許多時(shí)間作準(zhǔn)備。 
　9)在require后只能用動(dòng)名詞，不能用不定式，盡管表示被動(dòng)的意思也要用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式。 
　This problem requires studying with great care．這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要仔細(xì)研究。 
　10)cannot help doing sth.忍不住(做什么) 
　I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.