2009年考研英語閱讀理解A命題思路解析(九)

　　模式五：

　　第一部分：把開頭分為兩段，第一段不直接進入要論述的問題和作者的觀點，而是通過一個引子展開，或講述一個有趣的故事、或交待一些背景知識，到了第二段才正式提出問題，因此在這種情況下考生要避免直接去第一段找主旨，而是要通過閱讀全文正確地定位主題所在段落；

　　第二部分：對提出的問題進行論述；

　　第三部分：得出結論，總結全文。

　　例文：1994年Passage 2

　　One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the cashless society is not on the horizon—it''s already here.

　　While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.

　　Numerous other commercial enterprise, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.

　　文章第一段通篇在談論信用卡服務的優點，而第二段的第一句話才是主題句，指出了使用計算機的便利，因為信用卡的便利正式由于計算機技術的發展和普及帶來的。

　　模式六：

　　第一部分：提出問題，作者將要對該問題的存在進行指責和批判；

　　第二部分：從各個方面或者各個層次對問題進行反駁；

　　第三部分：指出問題存在根本原因、可能帶來的后果、相應的改進措施、或者正確的看法和觀點等。

　　例文：這類反證類的文章至今還沒有在考研真題中出現過，但是考生應該對這種模式有所了解。

　　此外，考研閱讀理解的文章一般都會有比較清晰的行文脈絡，掌握這些規律也會有助于對文章整體的把握，甚至還可以幫助考生預見文章中可能會出現的觀點和發展方向。

　　常見的行文脈絡有以下幾種

　　一般——具體：文章開頭先提出一個總的抽象的概念或者觀點，接下來的各個段落具體說明第一段的觀點，把抽象的概念具體化到一些事件上。

　　具體——一般：文章開頭提出一個具體的問題或者事件，接下來幾段從各個方面分別說明，比較后一點進行總結并把觀點抽象到一般的層面。

　　時間順序：這種行文脈絡出現在自然科學類的文章中比較多，一般通過時間先后順序來說明某一種理論的發展或者某一項研究的進展程度。

　　對比：這類文章的主要目的目的在于對比兩種觀點、兩個事物的共同點或者差異等。