Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints1 the construction of idea__l__ states, such as__2__ to the Greeks. With very few exceptions, Roman theorists ignored, or rejected__3__ valueless, intellectual exercises like Plato's Republic, in__4__ the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__ out painstakingly without reference to__6__ states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero's De Re Publica, and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in __7__. Roman thought about the state was concrete, even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome, Romulus, was__9__ to have received authority from the gods, specifically from Jupiter, the "guarantor" of Rome. All constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__, the family heads who formed the original senate,__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority, because its original function was to__14__the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive, the senators moved__15__to divide the authority, holding that their consuls, or chief officials, would possess it on__16__months, and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous __20__, as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded. 1.[A] with [B] for [C] in [D] to 2. [A] tempted [B] attracted [C] appealed [D] transferred 3. [A] on [B] for [C] as [D] about 4. [A] which [B] that [C] what [D] it 5. [A] turned [B] worked [C] brought [D] made 6. [A] special [B] specific [C] peculiar [D] particular 7. [A] existence [B] store [C] reality [D] mind 8. [A] abandoned [B] caught [C] separated [D] involved 9. [A] told [B] held [C] suggested [D] advised 10. [A] tendency [B] procedure [C] development [D] relation 11. [A] authority [B] power [C] control [D] ruling 12. [A] officers [B] men [C] administrators [D] fathers 13. [A] possessed [B] claimed [C] assured [D] enforced 14. [A] confirm [B] confer [C] consult [D] consider 15. [A] over [B] along [C] on [D] about 16. [A] alternate [B] different [C] varied [D] several 17. [A] And [B] So [C] Or [D] But 18. [A] state [B] country [C] people [D] national 19. [A] as [B] when [C] if [D] so 20. [A] dimension [B] complexity [C] exercise [D] function
答案1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7.D 8.D 9. B 10. C 11. A 12. D 13.A 14.C 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. B
總體分析本文介紹了羅馬人有關國家建設的理論。第一句指出羅馬人有關國家形成的理論很有特點。第二句至第五句指出,羅馬人的理論與希臘人的大不相同,是非常具體的。第六句至文章結尾具體闡述了羅馬人關于國家權力的所有和分配形式。
試題精解1.[精解] 本題考查介詞用法辨析。空格處的介詞與名詞短語the construction of ideal states 搭配,作blueprints 的后置定語,意為"……的藍圖".for可表示對象、用途,意為"給,對,供"等,如a book for children(兒童讀物),a new table for the dining room(用在飯廳的新桌子)。本句中,"建設理想國家"是"藍圖"的用途,因此選擇介詞for,[B]正確。其它介詞:with和名詞搭配常表示"具有……特征",如a woman with a hot temper(脾氣暴躁的女人);with和動詞搭配常表示"用,以,借",如Cut it with a knife.(用刀把它切開。)in表示"以,用(語言,材料等)",如He spoke in a loud voice.(他大聲說話。)to表示"到,達(某種狀態)",如He tore the letter to pieces.(他把信撕碎了。)
2.[精解] 本題考查動詞用法辨析。空格所在部分such as__2 __to the Greeks是一個定語從句,其中as為關系代詞,指代先行詞blueprints.因此,該從句的主語是as指代的blueprints,謂語是空格處填入的動詞。該動詞是個不及物動詞,與后面的介詞to搭配。符合要求的只有[C]appeal,它常和介詞to搭配,意為"(對某人)有吸引力,引起(某人的)興趣",如Do these paintings appeal to you?(你對這些畫感興趣嗎?)
其它項的動詞都是及物動詞:tempt sb. to do sth.意為"誘惑、吸引(某人做某事)",其中to為不定式符號,如Nothing would tempt me to live here.(什么也吸引不了我在這里居住。)attract sb. to sth. 意為"引起某人對某事的好感或喜愛",如What attracted me to the job was its challenges.(這份工作吸引我的是它的挑戰性。)transfer sb./sth. to…… 意為"使轉移,搬遷",如transfer money to his account(將錢轉到他的帳戶上)。
補充:such…… as意為"像……這樣的",其中as可作關系代詞,引起定語從句,如The article provided such information as was not provided by most of the newspapers in the United States.(這篇文章提供了美國大部分報紙沒有提供的信息。)such有時不放在所修飾的詞前,而和as放在一起,如上面例句也可寫成:The article provided information such as was not provided by most of the newspapers in the United States. 3.[精解] 本題考查句子結構及介詞用法。空格所在句子中出現了倒裝結構,由于其賓語intellectual exercises的后置定語較長,因此將賓補valueless提前。該句子的正常語序是Roman theorists ignored, or rejected intellectual exercises__3__valueless.能夠引出賓補的介詞只有[C]as,如I respect him as a doctor.(我尊敬他這個醫生。)You can use that glass as a vase.(你可以把那個玻璃杯當作花瓶用。)
4.[精解] 本題考查從句的引導詞。空格上下文分別是兩個結構完整的分句,無法僅僅用逗號連接。由此可知,空格所在部分是in __4__引導的非限定性從句,修飾先行詞Plato's Republic,in 4在該從句中作狀語。能夠指代名詞,并和介詞搭配的關系代詞是[A]which.[B]that不用在非限定性從句中,[C]what只能引導名詞性從句,[D]it不能引導從句。
5.[精解] 本題考查短語動詞辨析。空格所在部分was__5__out是定語從句中的謂語,由于它是被動式,因此其邏輯賓語就是該從句的主語the relationship.turn out意為"制造,生產;關掉,熄滅",如turn out 900 cars a week(一周生產900輛汽車),turn out the lights(關燈)。work out意為"計算,算出;處理,解決;計劃,思考",如work out the answer/a problem/a new way(計算出答案/解決問題/制定出新方案)。bring out意為"使顯現,使表現出;生產,出版";如A crisis brings out the best in her.(危機促使她表現得特別出色。)The band have just brought out the second album.(這個樂隊剛剛推出了他們的第二張專輯。)。make out意為"辨認;理解,明白",如make out a figure in the darkness(在黑暗中看出一個人的輪廓),make out what she was saying(弄明白她在說些什么)。根據句意,應該選[B],work out the relationship表示"想出或制定出(個人與國家之間的)關系". 6.[精解] 本題考查近義形容詞辨析。選項中四個形容詞為近義詞。special意為"特別的,專門的",如special treatment(特殊照顧)。specific意為"特殊的;明確的",如There is a specific tool for each job.(每個工種都配備特定的工具。)specific instructions(明確的指示)。peculiar意為"奇怪的;獨特的",如The food has a peculiar taste.(這食物有種怪味道。)The Mid-Autumn Festival is peculiar to China.(中秋節是中國所獨有的。)particular意為"不尋常的,特別的",如particular attention(特別注意)。但是particular也可意為"專指的,特指的",這種用法的particular只用在名詞前作定語,與泛指相對,如Is there a particular type of book he enjoys?(他特別喜愛哪一類書籍嗎?)由句意可知,空格處填入的形容詞修飾states or individuals,表示"特指的國家或個人",與上文提到的"泛指的國家或個人"相對。因此應選[D]。
7.[精解] 本題考查固定搭配。have sb./sth. in mind意為"心中有適當的人(或事情)等",如Watching TV all evening wasn't exactly what I had in mind!(我才不愿整個晚上都看電視!)空格所在部分表達的含義是"對羅馬有了非常清楚的想法",因此應選[D]mind.其它項都可以和介詞in搭配:in store意為"即將發生(在某人身上),等待著(某人)",如They think it'll be easy but they have a surprise in store.(他們以為事情容易,到時候他們就會吃驚的。)in existence意為"現存",如This is the oldest Hebrew manuscript in existence.(這是現存比較古老的希伯來語手稿。)in reality意為"實際上,事實上",如She seemed confident but in reality she felt nervous.(她看起來自信,而實際上很緊張。)顯然,其它項都不符合文意。
8.[精解] 本題考查動詞詞義辨析。空格所在部分是even when引導的讓步狀語從句,其中it指代上文的Roman thought(羅馬人的想法),空格處填入的動詞是謂語,其賓語是religious and moral concepts.選項中,abandon意為"放棄,拋棄",如abandon the hope/one's lands(放棄希望/丟下土地)。catch意為"染病;聽見,理解",如catch a cold/what you said(得感冒/弄懂你說的話)。separate意為"分開,隔開",如It is impossible to separate belief from emotion.(信仰和感情是分不開的。)involve意為"包含;牽涉,牽連",如Any investment involves an element of risk.(任何投資都有一定的冒險成分。)a serious incident involving a group of youths(涉及一群年輕人的嚴重事件)。根據句意,應選[D],表示"即使涉及到宗教和道德概念". 9.[精解] 本題考查動詞用法辨析。空格所在部分was__9__為謂語動詞的被動式,其主語是The first ruler,不定式結構to have…… 作主補。be told to do意為"被命令、吩咐做某事",如He was told to sit down and wait.(有人吩咐他坐下等著。)be held to be/do意為"被認為是/做……",如These vases are held to be the finest examples of Greek art.(這些花瓶被視為比較精美的希臘藝術代表作。)suggest不與不定式連用,因此不存在be suggested to do的結構。be advised to do意為"被建議做某事",如He was advised to take a complete rest.(他被建議徹底休息一下。)文中不定式的完成式to have received表明該動作發生在空格動詞動作之前,根據句意,應選擇[B]held,表示"統治者被認為已經獲得了……". 10.[精解] 本題考查根據上下文選擇恰當的詞。空格處填入的名詞被constitutional(立憲的,憲法的)修飾。tendency意為"趨勢,傾向";procedure意為"程序,手續,步驟";development意為"發展";relation意為"關系".根據句意,選擇[C],表示"憲法的發展". 11.[精解] 本題考查根據上下文選擇恰當的詞。authority意為"權力,職權";power意為"控制力,操縱力;權力";control意為"控制";ruling意為"判決,裁定,統治".由于上文提到,"統治者從神那里獲得了權利(authority)",因此空格所在句子的含義應是"憲法授予和管理該權力",此外,下文也提到"行使權力(exercise authority)",因此本題比較佳答案是[A]。
12.[精解] 本題考查名詞詞義辨析。officers指"官員";men指"男人們";administrators指"管理人員,行政官員";復數形式的fathers一般指"祖先,先父".下文的插入語the family…… senate是空格處名詞的同位語,其中the family head是對father的解釋,senate(參議院)與assembly(立法機構)在含義上相呼應。因此本題應選[D]。
13.[精解] 本題考查動詞詞義辨析。空格處填入動詞,其主語是the assembly of the fathers,賓語是the religious character.[A]possess意為"擁有;具有(特質)",如He doesn't possess a sense of humor.(他沒有什么幽默感。)[A]在文中可表示"具有(宗教特質)",符合文意。其它項:claim意為"要求,請求,主張";assure意為"保證,擔保",一般接sb.作賓語;enforce意為"強制執行,強行實施;強迫". 14.[精解] 本題考查形近動詞辨析。空格所在部分是because引導的狀語從句,解釋上文"先父們的立法機構擁有行使權利所必須的宗教特質"的原因。confirm意為"確定,批準,證實";confer意為"授予";consult意為"咨詢,請教";consider意為"考慮".根據句意,應選[C],表示"向神尋求建議或啟示". 15.[精解] 本題考查短語動詞辨析。move over意為"挪開,讓位置",如He felt he should move over in favor of a younger man.(他覺得他應該讓位給一個更年輕的人。)move along意為"向前移動(以騰出空間)",如The people in the bus moved along, to make room for others.(公車里的人往前挪以便給別人騰地方。)move on意為"往前走;開始做(新的事情)",如Can we move on to the next item on the agenda?(我們可以接著討論下一項議程嗎?)move about意為"不停地走動",如You will be warm enough if you move about.(如果你到處走動一下你就會感到很暖和的。)上文提到,"比較初的參議院擁有行使權利所必須的宗教特質",本句則提到,"參議員們將權利再進行分割",顯然,兩個分句之間是"繼續,接著"的含義,應選[C]。
16.[精解] 本題考查形容詞詞義辨析。空格處填入的形容詞修飾months.alternate可意為"間隔的,每隔(……天的)",如He has to work on alternate Sundays.(他每隔一周就有一個周日得上班。)different意為"不同的",如shirts of different colors(顏色不同的襯衫)。varied意為"各種各樣的",如varied cultures(各種不同的文化)。several意為"幾個,若干",如several hours a day(每天幾個小時)。根據句意,司法官或總管官員擁有權力的時間應是"每隔一個月",而不是"不同的月"、"各種各樣的月"或"幾個月".因此,[A]為正確項。
17.[精解] 本題考查邏輯詞。空格處填入的連詞表示所在分句與上文之間的邏輯關系。上文提到,參議院擁有權利,并將它下放到各級官員手中。空格所在部分是一個長句,其主干結構是the achievement was to create the idea of continuing…… authority(成就是創造持續的……權力的概念)。authority后是兩個并列的分詞結構,即,embodied…… in和conferred…… 作后置定語。由句意可知,本句仍然在討論權力下放的問題,但它強調這種權力不完全屬于上層階級,也需要大眾的認可。因此在含義上本句出現了轉折。選項中,And表并列,So表因果,Or表選擇,But表轉折。[D]為正確項。
18.[精解] 本題考查根據上下文選擇恰當的詞。空格處的名詞作定語,修飾authority.本文一開始就提到羅馬人關于國家理論的形成(Roman theorizing about the state)。文中多次出現了關鍵詞state.因此可推知,空格部分涉及的是應是"國家權力".state authority是表達"國家權力"的習慣搭配,一般不用country或people,national authority常表示"民族權力機構". 19.[精解] 本題考查連詞用法辨析。空格處填入一連詞,引導后面的從句,和空格前的過去分詞一起在句子中作狀語。該分詞結構可以擴充為一個完整的句子,即,authority was conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. 由于as和so都不與only連用,應排除。能與only連用的連詞是when和if.only when引導時間狀語從句,意為"只有在……時候才……",如Only when he read the newspaper did he know the story.(只有在他看了報紙后他才知道那則報導。)only if引導條件從句,多與現在時連用,意為"只有在……條件下才……",如Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees.(只有紅燈閃亮時才有危及職工的險情。)正確項為[B]。
20.[精解] 本題考查名詞詞義辨析。空格所在部分with enormous__ 20__作狀語,修飾grew.dimension意為"大小,規模,程度,范圍";complexity意為"復雜性";exercise意為"活動,練習;行使,運用";function意為"功能".下文as引導時間狀語從句,說明了主語動作發生的背景和原因。"新的部門和立法機構被創造出來并且幾乎沒有任何一個被擯棄"導致的結果應該是"系統越來越復雜",[B]為正確項。
全文翻譯奧古斯都(羅馬帝國第一代皇帝)的成功很大程度上歸功于羅馬人將國家理論化的特點。羅馬人沒有制定出讓希臘人感興趣的建設理想國家的宏偉藍圖。在柏拉圖的《理想國》中不涉及具體個人或國家的一種個人與國家之間的關系被詳細地設計出來,但羅馬理論家們幾乎無一例外地忽視或拒絕接受像《理想國》這樣的智力訓練,認為它們毫無價值。羅馬人比較接近希臘模式的是西塞羅的《論國家》,甚至在這本書中西塞羅的心中已經對羅馬有了非常清楚的想法。即使涉及到宗教和道德概念,羅馬人關于國家的想法也是具體的。羅馬的第一位統治者羅穆盧斯被認為從神,尤其是從羅馬的守護神宙斯那里獲得了權力。所有憲法的發展都是一種賦予和監督這種權力的方法。很顯然,人們相信只有先父們的立法機構,即一家之主們組成的比較初的參議院,才擁有行使這種權力所必需的宗教特質,因為它比較初的功能是尋求神的啟示。既實際又排外的參議員們將權力再進一步分割,認為他們的司法官或總管官員,將每隔一個月擁有這項權力,并在之后將其擁有權擴大到更低等級的官員。但是重要的成就是創造了持續的國家權力的概念,這種權力只是臨時體現在某些上層階級的個人身上,并且只有當普通大眾一致同意的時候才被賦予。當新的部門和立法機構被創造出來并且幾乎沒有任何一個被擯棄的時候,這個系統變得越來越復雜。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1 U. S.-led occupation authorities have begun a secret campaign to recruit and train agents with the once-dreaded Iraqi intelligence service to help identify resistance to American forces here after months of increasingly sophisticated attacks and bombings, according to U.S…… and Iraqi officials. The extraordinary move to recruit agents of former president's security services demonstrates a growing recognition among U.S. officials that American military forces-already stretched thin-cannot alone prevent attacks like the devastating truck bombing of the U.N. headquarters recently, the officials said. Authorities have stepped up the recruitment over the past two weeks, one senior U.S. official said, despite sometimes firm objections by members of the U.S.-appointed Iraqi Governing Council, who complain that they have too little control over the pool of recruits. While U.S. officials acknowledge the sensitivity of cooperating with a force that embodied the ruthlessness of the overthrown president's rule, they assert that an urgent need for better and more precise intelligence has forced unusual compromises. "The only way you can combat terrorism is through intelligence," the senior official said. "It's the only way you're going to stop these people from doing what they're doing." He added: "Without Iraqi input, that's not going to work." Officials are reluctant to disclose how many former agents have been recruited since the effort began. But Iraqi officials say they number anywhere from dozens to a few hundred, and U.S. officials acknowledge that the recruitment is extensive. "We're reaching out very widely," said one official with the U.S.-led administration, who like most spoke on condition of anonymity because of sensitivity over questions of intelligence and sources. Added a Western diplomat: "There is an obvious evolution in American thinking. First the police are reconstituted, then the army. It is logical that intelligence officials from the regime would also be recruited." Officials say the first line of intelligence-gathering remains the Iraqi police, who number 6,500 in Baghdad and 33,000 nationwide. But that force is hampered in intelligence work by a lack of credibility with a belief-broken public, and its numbers remain far below what U.S. officials say they need to bring order to an unruly capital. Across Iraq, walk-in informers have provided tips on weapons hidings and locations of suspected guerrillas, but many Iraqis dismiss those reports as occasional and sometimes motivated by a desire for personal gain. The emphasis in recruitment appears to be on the intelligence service known as the Mukhabarat, one of four branches in the former security service, although it is not the only target for the U.S. effort. The Mukhabarat, whose name itself inspired fear in ordinary Iraqis, was the foreign intelligence service, the most sophisticated of the four. 1. America's attitude towards Iraqi intelligence was one of _____[A] disgust [B] hatred [C] fear [D] resent 2. The word "devastating" (Line 3, Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to _____[A] destructive [B] regretful [C] frustrating [D] terrible 3. The U.S. officials consider the nature of the recruitments of former security services _____[A] give-ins to the bombing[B] setbacks of US-led administration[C] examples of US-Iraqi cooperation[D] compromises of some kind 24. Which of the following is true regarding the recruitment of the intelligence?
[A] The new-release people are unwilling to tell anything about themselves.[B] It is just a preparatory step for the reconstruction of the Iraqi armed forces.[C] The western world as a whole dislikes the idea of reconstruction in this way.[D] An obvious connection exists in the reconstructions of the army and the police. 5. A large part of the Iraqi people hold information about weapon hidings as _____[A] fear-inspired [B] money-driven[C] unreliable [D] sophisticated
答案1.C 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.B
總體分析本文是一篇關于以美國為首的占領當局招募前伊拉克情報局的特工的報道。
第一段:介紹該招募行動的起因。
第二段:指出該招募行動的意義。
第三、四段:美高級官員聲稱該招募行動是為了打擊恐怖主義而做出的妥協。
第五、六段:政府官員不愿意透露這項行動的具體情況。
第七段:指出其他西方國家將這一舉措看作是美國人思想進步的表現。
第八段:介紹目前伊拉克情報收集的不良狀況。
第九段:介紹招募行動的重點部門。
試題精解1.美國對伊拉克情報的態度是 _____[A]厭惡 [B]仇恨 [C]恐懼 [D]怨恨[精解] 本題考查事實細節。第一段提到,以美國為首的占領當局已經開始了一項秘密的活動,招募并培訓曾在使人們膽戰心驚(once-dreaded)的伊拉克情報局工作過的特工。選項中四個詞都是貶義詞,與dread比較接近的含義是[C]恐懼。
2. 第二段第三行的單詞"devastating"比較接近的含義是_____.[A] 破壞性的 [B] 惋惜的[C] 令人沮喪的 [D] 可怕的[精解] 本題考查詞義理解。"devastating"一詞出現在第二段末句,形容比較近發生在聯合國辦事處的汽車炸彈爆炸事件的特點。該句指出,美國官員逐漸認識到過度分散的美國軍隊已無力獨自承擔防止這種事件的發生。第一段提到這類爆炸事件時,用了"策劃日益精密(increasingly sophisticated)"來形容。由此可見,這類爆炸事件是極具破壞性的,因此引起了美國當局的極大重視。[A]正確,[D]表達含義太泛。
3.美國官員認為對前安全機構的招募的性質是 _____.[A] 向爆炸事件的屈服[B] 以美國為首的占領當局遇到的挫折[C] 美國和伊拉克合作的事例[D] 某種程度的妥協[精解] 本題考查事實細節。第三段末句提到,雖然美官員們承認與伊拉克情報局的特工合作是一件敏感的事,但由于迫切需要更好的、更精確的情報,不得不做出一些不尋常的妥協(compromises)。因此[D]正確。[A]give-ins是原文compromises的同義表達,但to the bombing是錯誤的。招募行為是美國為對付恐怖主義采取的新舉措,而不是遇到的挫折。排除[B]。由于是招募伊拉克特工為美國所用,因此不能看作是美伊兩國之間的合作,排除[C]。
4.下面哪一個是關于招募情報人員的正確說法?
[A] 新近釋放的特工不愿意透露他們自己的任何事情。
[B] 這只是籌備重建伊拉克武裝部隊的一個步驟。
[C] 整個西方世界都不喜歡以這種方式重建的想法。
[D] 在軍隊和警察部隊的重建中存在一種明顯的關聯性。
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第五段首句提到,政府官員不愿意公開自招募行動開始后有多少前機構的特工加入。[A]中"新近釋放的特工(new-release people)"指的就是該句中的"前機構的特工(former agent)".[A]中are unwilling to tell與該句中的reluctant to disclose是同義表達。第七段引用一位西方外交官的話指出,無論是之前的"重建警察部隊"和"重建軍隊",還是現在的"招募情報官員"都是美國人思想進步的表現。因此"招募情報官員"是重建伊拉克武裝部隊的具體內容,而非籌備活動,排除[B]。西方世界持的是肯定態度,排除[C]。該段沒有提到"重建警察部隊"和"重建軍隊"之間的聯系,排除[D]。
5. 大部分伊拉克人認為有關武器藏匿的消息 _____.[A] 會引起人們的恐懼 [B] 是受金錢驅使的[C] 是不可靠的 [D] 是復雜的[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第八段末句提到,很多伊拉克人認為有關武器藏匿的情報偶爾才能得到,而且有時是一些人為獲得個人利益而出賣這些情報的。[B]是該句中motivated by a desire for personal gain的改寫,因此是正確項。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
(1)stretch(v.)拉長,撐大;伸展,舒展;延伸,綿延(2)reconstitute(v.)重新構成,重新制定(3)regime (n.)政體,制度,政權(4)credibility(n.)可信性,可靠性(5)unruly (a.)難控制的,無法無天的,任性的(6)walk-in(a.)大得能走進去的;未經預約的,無需事先約定的,如:a ~ interview(未經預約的訪談)
全文翻譯據美國和伊拉克的官員透露,在持續幾個月發生了策劃日益精密的襲擊和爆炸事件后,以美國為首的占領當局已經開始了一項秘密的活動,招募并培訓曾在使人們膽戰心驚的伊拉克情報局工作過的特工,以幫助確認對美國軍隊的抵制行為。
官員們還說,這次不同尋常的招募前總統安全機構的特工表明美國官員逐漸認識到,過度分散的美國軍隊已無力獨自承擔防止這種比較近發生在聯合國辦事處的大規模殺傷性汽車炸彈爆炸事件。
一位美高級官員說,過去兩周內美國當局已經加速了招募行動,盡管有時遭到美國任命的伊拉克執政委員會成員的強烈反對。這些成員抱怨他們招募這批特工的權利太小。雖然美官員們承認與代表被推翻的前總統的殘暴統治的軍隊合作是一件敏感的事,但他們也聲稱,由于迫切需要更好的、更精確的情報,不得不做出一些不尋常的妥協。
這位美高級官員說,"打擊恐怖主義的唯一辦法就是利用情報。這是唯一可以阻止那些人停止他們正在做的事情的辦法。"他補充到,"沒有伊拉克成員的加入,這個辦法就無法發揮作用。"政府官員不愿意公開自招募行動開始后有多少前機構的特工加入。但是伊拉克官員說該數量從幾十到幾百不等,美國官員則承認是大規模的招募。
"我們觸及的范圍非常廣," 美國為首的占領當局的一名官員說。由于情報和信息來源等敏感性問題,該官員喜歡在匿名的條件下發言。
一位西方外交官補充說:"美國人的思想有明顯的進步。"首先是重建警察部隊,然后是重建軍隊。因此,從前政權招募情報官員也是合理的。
官員們聲稱,一線情報收集人員是伊拉克警方,他們在巴格達的數量達6500,在全國達33000.但是該武裝的情報收集工作由于信仰遭到破壞的公眾對他們缺乏信任而受阻礙,并且它的數量遠低于美國官員所說的使處于混亂狀態的首都恢復秩序所需要的數量。在整個伊拉克,事先沒有約定的檢舉者們提供了有關武器藏匿和可疑的游擊隊據點的情報,但是很多伊拉克人認為這些情報偶爾才能得到,而且有時是一些人為獲得個人利益而出賣這些情報的。
招募行動的重點部門是被稱之為"秘密警察"的情報機構,它是前安全機構的四個分支機構之一,但它不是美國政府努力的唯一目標。"秘密警察"的名字本身就能在伊拉克平民中引起恐慌,它是外交情報局,四個機構中比較高級的部門。
Text 2 The real heroine of the novel stands at one remove to the narrative. On the face of it, readers are more likely to empathize with, and be curious about, the mysterious and resourceful slave, Sarah, who forms one point of an emotional triangle. Sarah is the property of Manon, and came with her to a failing Louisiana sugar plantation on her marriage to the good-for-nothing, bullying owner. But Manon's husband is soon struck by Sarah, and the proof lies in their idiot small son, Walter. However, the reader is forced to see things through Manon's eyes, not Sarah's, and her consciousness is not a comfortable place to be. Never a please or a thank you passes her lips when talking to slaves, though manners is the order of the day in white society. Manon is enormously attracted by inter-racial marriage (for the place and time-the early 19th century-such a concern would not be unusual, but in her case it seems pathological)。 Walter, with "his father's curly red hair and green eyes, his mother's golden skin, her full, pushing-forward lips", is the object of her especial hatred, but she chatters on about all the "dreadful mixed-blooded", the objectionable "yellow" people. Beyond Manon's polarized vision, we glimpse "free negros" and the emerging black middle-class. To Manon's disgust, such people actually have self-respect. In New Orleans buying shoes, Manon is taken aback by the shopkeeper's lack of desired respect. Mixed race prostitutes acquired the affections of male planters by giving them something mysterious their wives cannot often What that might be, and why wives can't offer it too, are questions Manon can't even ask, let alone answer. The first third of the book explores the uneasy and unsustainable peace between Manon, Sarah and the man always called just "my husband" or "he". Against the background of violent slave revolts and equally savage revenges, it's clear the peace cannot last. It's part of the subtlety of this book that as the story develops and the inevitable explosion occurs, our view of all the characters swiftly changes. Sarah turns out to deserve all the suspicion Manon directs at her; at the point of death Manon's husband displays an admirable toughness and courage; and Manon herself wins the reader's reluctant admiration for her bravery, her endurance, and her total lack of self-pity. Perhaps the cruelest aspect of this society is the way it breaks down and distorts family affections. A slave's baby is usually sold soon after birth; Sarah's would-be husband, if he wants her, must buy her; and Manon herself, after all, is only the property of her husband. 1. Which of the following reflects Manon's attitude towards colored people?
[A] Sympathetic. [B] Suspicious.[C] Concerned. [D] Disgusted. 2. It can be inferred from the text that the novel is written _____.[A] with a mobile point of view[B] with a limited third person singular[C] from Manon's perspective[D] from Sarah's eye as a slave 3. According to Manon, black people should _____.[A] emerge as free middle class citizens[B] behave submissively towards the whites[C] have self-respect in the mixed race marriage[D] learn to offer more affection to their wives 4. We learn that as the story develops _____.[A] readers will think differently of all the characters[B] Manon's husband will win back her admiration[C] the emotional crisis will be swiftly resolved[D] all the suspicion will be proved against Sarah 5. From the text we learn that _____.[A] Manon's husband is a nameless but bullying person[B] Manon is the real heroine who deserves readers' sympathy[C] Sarah is in fact smarter than her master Manon[D] Walter is a proof of the mixed race prostitution
答案1. D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.B
總體分析本文介紹了一本有關黑人奴隸的小說的故事情節、寫作手法及反映的社會問題。
第一段:介紹了黑人女奴莎拉。
第二、三段:介紹了白人女主人瑪儂對黑人的厭惡。
第四段:指出小說的特點是故事比較后我們對所有人物的看法突然都發生了改變。
第五段:概括該小說所反映的社會問題。
試題精解1. 下面哪一個反映了瑪儂對待有色人種的態度?
[A] 同情。 [B] 懷疑。 [C] 關心。 [D] 厭惡。
[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第二段第二句介紹了瑪儂和奴隸談話從不注意禮貌。第二段第三句提到,瑪儂對異族通婚有著強烈的興趣(enormously attracted)…… 她的過度關注卻是病態的(pathological)。該段末句提到,瑪儂喋喋不休地談論著所有"可怕的混血",討厭的"黃種"人。綜合上述內容可知,瑪儂對有色人種是厭惡的。[D]正確。
2.從文章中可以推知這篇小說的寫作 _____.[A] 帶有一種變化的觀點[B] 用一種局限的第三人稱單數形式[C] 從瑪儂的視角出發[D] 通過奴隸莎拉的視角出發[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第二段首句提到,讀者被迫通過瑪儂,而不是莎拉的視角去看這一切。由此可知[C]正確,排除[D]。第四段第三句提到,這本書的微妙之處在于隨著故事情節的發展讀者對所有人物的看法突然發生了改變。因此持變化觀點的是讀者,而非作者,排除[A]。第四段首句提到,瑪儂的丈夫總是被稱之為"我的丈夫"或"他",沒有給出名字,但由第二段首句可知,主人公瑪儂是第一稱。因此[B]也不正確。
3.在瑪儂看來,黑人應該 _____ .[A] 作為自由的中產階級市民出現[B] 對白人順從[C] 在異族通婚中有自尊[D] 學會給予妻子更多的關愛[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第三段第二句提到,讓瑪儂感到厭惡的是,黑人實際上也有自尊。接著下文分別舉出買鞋子和妓女的事例說明瑪儂不會接受黑人膽敢不尊重白人和黑人婦女得到白人男人的愛。由此可推出[B]是瑪儂對黑人的看法。[A]在該段首句中提到,是社會背景,不是瑪儂的觀點。由第二段末句中"可怕的混血,討厭的黃種人"可知,瑪儂顯然是蔑視異族通婚的,排除[C]。[D]無從推知。
4.我們知道,隨著故事情節的發展,_____.[A] 讀者對所有人物的看法將發生改變[B] 瑪儂的丈夫將重新贏回她的贊賞[C] 情感危機將迅速得到解決[D] 所有的猜疑比較后都將指向莎拉[精解] 本題考查事實細節。第四段第三句提到,隨著故事情節的發展,我們對所有人物的看法突然都發生了改變。因此[A]正確。該段末句只提到,瑪儂的丈夫比較后表現出令人欽佩的堅強和勇氣,而瑪儂本人則贏得了讀者的欽佩。但瑪儂和丈夫之間的關系沒有提及,因此排除[B]。文中也沒有提到"情感危機"的結局,排除[C]。[D]錯在"所有的懷疑",文中是"瑪儂對莎拉所有的懷疑",因此也應排除。
5.從文章中我們可得知 _____.[A] 瑪儂的丈夫是不知名的、仗勢欺人的人[B] 瑪儂是值得讀者同情的真正的女英雄[C] 莎拉事實上比她的主人瑪儂更聰明[D] 沃特是異族賣淫的證明[精解] 本題考查事實細節。文章首句提到,這篇小說中真正的女英雄離所敘述的內容有一段距離。因此文章一開始就埋下了伏筆。接下來文章介紹了小說的主人公及大概情節。到了第四段末,文章指出,讀者對所有人物的看法突然都發生了改變。瑪儂對莎拉的懷疑都是有根據的,而且瑪儂還贏得了讀者對她個性的由衷的欽佩。由此可見,瑪儂是文章一開始提到的"真正的女英雄".[B]正確。瑪儂的丈夫在第一段中是"仗勢欺人的人",但到了第四段則"表現出令人欽佩的堅強和勇氣",因此[A]不正確。[C]無從推知。由第一段末可知,沃特是男主人和莎拉的私生子,[D]錯在prostitution.
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯(1)remove(n.)距離,差距,間距,如:She seemed to be living at one ~ from reality.(她好象生活在現實之外的什么地方。)
(2)resourceful (a.) 資源豐富的;有機智的,多策略的,足智多謀的(3)be struck by/on/with sb./sth.被某人(或某物)打動,迷住(4)the order of the day常見的,流行的,適宜的,如:Pessimism seems to be ~.(悲觀失望似乎是當今司空見慣的情形。)
(5)pathological(a.)不理智的,無道理的,無法控制的;病態的(6)objectionable(a.)令人不快的,令人反感的,討厭的(7)polarized(a.)兩極化的,截然對立的(8)unsustainable(a.)不能持續的,無法維持的(9)explosion(n.)爆炸;突增,猛增;(感情,尤指憤怒的)突然爆發,迸發(10)mobile(a.)可移動的;流動的;多變的,易變的
全文翻譯這篇小說中真正的女英雄離所敘述的內容有一段距離。表面上看,讀者更容易對神秘而足智多謀的女奴莎拉產生同情和好奇,因為她成為了三角戀愛關系中的一角。莎拉是瑪儂的財產,因此當女主人來到路易斯安那州破敗的糖料種植園,嫁給懶惰、仗勢欺人的男主人時,莎拉也跟隨而來。但是瑪儂的丈夫很快被莎拉迷住,這從他們生下來的弱智的小兒子沃特那得到了證明。
然而,讀者被迫通過瑪儂,而不是莎拉的視角去看這一切。瑪儂意識讓人很不舒服。雖然禮貌在白人社會中是司空見慣的,但她和奴隸談話時從不說"請"或"謝謝".瑪儂對異族通婚有著強烈的興趣,(在這個故事發生的時間——19世紀初——和地點,這種關注是尋常的,但她的過度關注卻是病態的)。沃特繼承了他父親的紅色卷發和綠眼睛,他母親的金色皮膚和豐滿的、向前凸起的嘴唇,因此成了瑪儂特別憎恨的對象。但是她仍然喋喋不休地談論著所有"可怕的混血",討厭的"黃種"人。
在瑪儂矛盾的觀點之外,我們可以粗略瞥見"自由的黑人"和正在興起的黑人中產階級。讓瑪儂感到厭惡的是,這些人實際上都有自尊。在新奧爾良買鞋子時,瑪儂對店主出乎意料的粗魯感到吃驚。異族的妓女們得到了男種植園主們的喜愛,因為她們可以提供妻子不能給予的一些神秘的東西。那些東西到底是什么?為什么妻子不能給予?這都是瑪儂不可能提出來的問題,更別提回答了。
該書前三分之一的內容是有關瑪儂、莎拉和那個總是被稱之為"我的丈夫"或"他"的男人之間的不穩定的、難以持續的和平關系。在風起云涌的奴隸起義和奴隸報復行動的背景下,顯然和平不會持續太久。這本書的微妙之處在于隨著故事情節的發展,當感情不可避免地突然爆發時,我們對所有人物的看法突然都發生了改變。原來瑪儂對莎拉的所有的懷疑都是有根據的;在死亡之際,瑪儂的丈夫表現出令人欽佩的堅強和勇氣;而瑪儂本人則贏得了讀者對她的勇敢、堅忍和毫不自憐的個性的由衷的欽佩。
也許這個社會比較殘忍的地方是它支解和扭曲家庭感情的方式。奴隸的孩子出生后很快就會被賣掉;莎拉未來的丈夫如果想要得到她就要用錢買;而瑪儂自己也究竟只不過是她丈夫的財產。
Text 3 I am not one who golfs. The only time I tried it I was confident that a dozen balls would be an adequate supply. This is the sport of retired people: how hard could it be? The confidence was misplaced, also, one by one, the balls, and I had to quit somewhere around the seventh hole. On the sixth, actually, I hit a car-there was absolutely no reason for a highway to be that close to a golf course-but that's another story. The point is that the game did not yield up its mystery to me; I remain, in the golfing universe, a child of darkness. I do find that I am able to watch golf on television, however, where it is possible to experience a calmness that the game itself sadly lacks. Spread out on a couch and indifferent to the outcome (very important), you watch tiny white balls sail improbable distances over the biggest lawns in the world, interrupted occasionally by advertisements for expensive cars. One of the players is named Tiger. Another is named Love. If you have access to a bottle of Martinis (optional), the joy potential can be quite huge. There is usually a price for pleasure so mindless. In the case of TV golf, it is listening to the commentators analyze the players' swings. What looks to you like a single, continuous, and not difficult act is revealed, via slow motion and a sort of virtual-chalkboard graphics, to be a sequence of intricately measured adjustments of shoulder to hip, head to arm, elbow to wrist, and so on. Where you see fluidity, the experts see geometry; what to you is nature is machinery to them-parallel lines, extended planes, points of impact. They murder to examine. Yet, apparently, these minutes and individualized measurements make all the difference between being able reliably to land a golf ball in an area, three hundred yards away, the size of a bathmat and, say, randomly hitting a car, which, let's face it, only a fool would drive right next to a golf course. There is a major disproportion, in other words, between the straightforwardness of the game and the fantastic precision required to play it, a disproportion mastered by a difficult but, to the ordinary observer, almost invisible technique. Short stories are the same. A short story is not as restrictive as a sonnet, but, of all the literary forms, it is possibly the most single-minded. Its aim, as it was identified by the modern genre's first theorist, Edgar Allan Poe, is to create "an effect"-by which Poe meant something almost physical, like a sensation or an extreme excitement. 1. The author quotes his own experience with golf to show that _____.[A] things are often not so simple and easy as they seem[B] his experience with golf has been a frustrating failure[C] that experience of his offered much for his later life[D] apparent truths are more often than not unreliable 2. The author enjoys watching golf games on TV because _____.[A] access to drinks makes the game more joyful[B] a more enjoyable view of the game is provided[C] he is thus unaffected by the result of the game[D] that is more likely real appreciation of the game 3.What does the author imply when he says "There is usually…so mindless"(Line 1, Paragraph 2)?
[A] Commentators often interrupt your attention.[B] TV golf is frequently unaffordable for many.[C] One needs to pay handsomely for the setting.[D] Some essential parts of the game are missing. 4. In the part succeeding the third paragraph, the author will most probably _____.[A] draw an analogy between golf and short story[B] elaborate the "effect" of short story[C] show other examples similar to golf games[D] show impact of golf games on short story 5. What is the relationship between Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2?
[A] Paragraph 1 is an introduction to Paragraph 2.[B] Paragraph 1 provides an example for Paragraph 2.[C] Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2 are both supporting details.[D] Paragraph 2 serves as an analogy to Paragraph 1.
答案21. A 22.C 23.D 24.B 25.A
總體分析文章通過比較打高爾夫球和在電視上看高爾夫球的不同引出了短篇小說的創作,指出它所要達到的效果和看高爾夫球賽一樣,都是要獲得自然的感覺。本文主要寫作方法是類比。
第一、二段:作者通過自己打高爾夫的經歷說明看起來簡單容易的事情做起來全然不同。普通人在電視上看高爾夫比賽的輕松和實際打高爾夫所要求的精湛技巧之間存在很大的反差。
第三段:將短篇小說的創作與打高爾夫球做類比,指出短篇小說的創作要達到的效果是讓閱讀者獲得強烈的身體上的感受。
試題精解1.作者引用自己打高爾夫的親身經歷是為了說明_____.[A] 事情往往沒有看起來的那么簡單容易[B] 他打高爾夫的經歷是令人沮喪的失敗[C] 他的那次經歷給他今后的生活帶來了很多[D] 表面的真相總是不可信賴[精解] 本題考查考生對第一段的理解。該段作者講述了自己打高爾夫的經歷。作者開始嘗試打高爾夫時充滿自信,認為那只不過是退休一族的運動,不可能會很難。結果作者卻發現自己的自信心放錯了位置,真的打起來連連失敗。接著作者聯想到自己在電視機前觀看高爾夫球賽的輕松經歷,兩種截然不同的感受說明了打高爾夫并不像看起來的那樣簡單。因此[A]項為作者想要說明的道理。[B]項是第一段前半部分闡述的事實,但不是作者要說明的道理。[C]項原文中沒有涉及,[D]項含有貶義,屬于過度推理。
2.作者享受觀看電視上的高爾夫球比賽是因為_____.[A] 喝飲料使觀看比賽更愉快[B] (這種方式使)觀看球賽變得更有樂趣[C] 這樣他就不會受比賽結果影響[D] 那才更可能是在真正地欣賞比賽[精解] 本題考查了事實細節。文章第一段的后半部分提到,作者在觀看電視中的高爾夫球賽時,可以體驗到一種比賽本身缺少的冷靜,他在沙發上伸展四肢,然后對結果保持漠不關心的態度。由此可看出,[C]項是看電視上的比賽和親身經歷的區別所在,也就是作者可以享受觀看比賽的原因。[A]、[B]項的joyful和enjoyable是題干中enjoys watching的同義表達,并沒有給出造成這種結果的原因。[D]項是文中沒有提到的觀點。
3.當作者說"通常要為這種無所顧忌的快樂付出一定的代價"時,他在暗示什么?
[A] 評論員經常分散你的注意力[B] 對很多人來說,電視上的高爾夫比賽常常太昂貴[C] 人們需要為場景慷慨地付錢[D] 比賽的一些必要部分喪失了[精解] 本題考查考生理解基礎上的推理引申能力。文章第一段后面部分講述了作者觀看電視高爾夫球賽時的悠然自得的感受。第二段首句則指出"為快樂通常要付出代價".該段接下來的內容則開始比較觀看球賽和實際打球之間的巨大差異:觀看球賽時,可以聽到評論員分析球員的揮桿。對觀看的人來說,它是單一的持續的,而且看不到難度動作,但經過慢動作和一些虛擬的黑板圖表的處理后,它就成了一系列復雜的緩慢的身體各個部位的協調動作。人們看到的是流動性,而在專家眼里則成了幾何圖形,對觀眾來說很自然的東西,對他們來說卻是機械原理。第二段末句作者總結指出,比賽看上去的簡單明了和實際需要的不可思議的精確度之間存在很大的差異。因此二段首句中的"快樂"指的是觀看球賽的輕松狀態,而"代價"則指的是現實中比賽所要求的東西。而這些必要的東西在觀看時喪失了。[D]項是作者暗示的內容。 [B]、[C]項提到的費用問題在文中根本未涉及。[A]項不是作者觀點。
4.在第三段之后,作者很可能敘述的內容是 _____.[A] 對高爾夫和短篇小說進行類比[B] 詳細闡述短篇小說的"效果"[C] 列舉其他與高爾夫比賽相似的例子[D] 闡釋高爾夫比賽對短篇小說的影響[精解] 本題考查考生對文章寫作結構的理解。第三段論述了短篇小說與高爾夫比賽相似的特點。該段引用了現代流派的第一位理論家埃德加。愛倫。坡的觀點闡明短篇小說的效果是為了創造一種效果。因此,可推知文章接下來應該對這一效果進行詳細論述,告訴讀者這種效果到底指的是什么,怎樣達到。[B]項正確。文章前半部分的論述都是為了引出短篇小說這個話題,所以點題之后,無需再對高爾夫這個引子進行敘述。由此排除其他項。
5.第一段和第二段的關系是什么?
[A] 第一段是對第二段的初步介紹[B] 第一段為第二段提供例證[C] 第一段和第二段都是支持性細節[D] 第二段是第一段的類比[精解] 本題考查第一、二段的寫作結構。這兩段講述的都是關于高爾夫的事情,第一段作者先用自己的親身經歷對高爾夫比賽進行了介紹,說明看上去很簡單的事情做起來卻并非如此。接著聯系到觀看電視上的比賽,指出觀看者可以置身事外,對結果毫不關心,得到無所顧忌的快樂。第二段從"快樂"過渡到"也需要一定的代價",開始論述看球賽與親自參與球賽之間巨大的差異。顯然,這兩段之間是很自然的承接關系,[A]項為正確答案。類比應該是不同事物的相似之處的比較,而這兩段主要講的是親身經歷和電視上的不同。這兩段中也不存在例證的證明關系,所以[B]項和[D]項錯誤。第一、二段在全文中占了很大篇幅,不應該只是細節,[C]項錯誤。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯(1)misplace(v.)放錯地方mis-前綴意為"錯",如mislead把……帶錯路,misspell拼錯(2)yield up放縱,被迫放棄~ a secret泄露秘密(3)sail(v.)航行;輕快地、平穩地或不費力地行進;輕易成功~ through the examination輕而易舉通過考試(4)mindless(a.)愚笨無知的,粗心大意的;(of)不留心的;不顧的~ of danger不顧危險(5)commentator(n.)評論員,講解員;commentate(v.)評論,解說;commentary(n.)注釋,解說詞(6)swing(n./v.)搖擺,擺動;回轉,旋轉;驟變,劇變(7)virtual(a.)虛的,在頭腦中存在的,意想的產物;實際上的,事實上的;virtuality(n.)
(8)chalkboard(n.)黑板;與board有關的合成詞有:bellyboard沖浪運動板,bulletin board (電子)公告牌,keyboard鍵盤(9)graphics (n.)(作單數用)制圖法,圖形;書法,字體(10)fluidity(n.)流動性,流質,變移性;fluid(n.)液體,流質;流動性(a.)液體的,流體的不固定的,易變的(11)geometry(n.)幾何學;geo-前綴表示"地球,土地"的含義,如geography地理學(12)machinery(n.)機器,機械(總稱);機關,團體the ~ of government政府機構;機構,組織~ for dealing with complaints處理申訴的機構(13)murder(v.)謀殺;糟蹋,破壞(語言、音樂等);浪費(時間)~one's evenings in private parties將夜晚時間浪費在私人舉辦的社交聚會上(14)disproportion(n./v.)(使)不均衡,(使)不成比例;proportion(n.)比例;均衡;部分(15)sonnet(n.)十四行詩,一種由十四行組成的詩歌形式,通常有一種傳統的押韻形式
全文翻譯我不是一個打高爾夫的人。僅僅嘗試過一次,開始還是滿懷自信地以為一打球就足夠了。這是退休人員的運動,還能有多難?自信被放錯地方了,球也一個接一個地錯位。我在第七個球穴周圍放棄了。實際上,在第六桿球的時候,我擊中了一輛汽車。完全沒有理由把高速公路建在離球場那么近的地方,可那是另外一回事了。關鍵在于這個游戲沒有把它的神秘展現給我,而我,在高爾夫的世界里,永遠是一個無知的孩子。可是,我確實發現我能觀看電視上的高爾夫球,而且從中可以體驗到高爾夫球賽本身缺少的冷靜。在沙發上伸展開四肢躺下,并對結果(至關重要的結果)保持漠不關心的態度。你看著白色的小球在世界上比較大的草坪上越過不可能的距離,這種觀看偶爾會被一些昂貴的汽車廣告打斷。一名球員是泰格,還有一位叫做勞夫。你可以拿一瓶馬丁酒(也可以選別的),那種潛在的快樂是巨大無比的。
通常要為這種無所顧忌的快樂付出一定的代價。在電視上看高爾夫,是聽評論員們分析球員揮桿。在你看來是單個的,持續的沒有什么難度的動作,經過一些慢動作以及虛擬黑板圖表處理被顯示成了從肩到臀,從頭到胳膊,從肘到腕等一系列復雜的緩慢的協調動作。你看到的是流動性,而專家看到的卻是幾何圖形。在你看來很自然的事情,在專家眼里卻很機械——平行線,延伸的水平面,擊球點,他們都要費時間檢查。可是,顯然,正是這些時刻和個性化的尺寸使球手能夠成功地將球擊進300碼遠處浴室地墊那么大小的地方,而不是胡亂地擊中一輛汽車。當然,我們得承認,是個笨蛋把車開到了球場附近。換言之,在游戲看似的簡單和打球要求的不可思議的精確度之間存在著很大的不相稱不均衡,這種不相稱,在普通人看來是由很難、但看不見的技術控制的。
短篇小說也是如此。一篇短篇小說不像十四行詩那么嚴格,但是在所有的文學形式中,它可能是比較簡單直接的。正如現代流派的第一位理論家——埃德加。愛倫。坡所說的那樣,短篇小說的目的是創造一種效果,也就是愛倫。坡說的讓閱讀者獲得強烈的身體上的感受。
Text 4 There have been rumors. There's been gossip. All Hollywood is shocked to learn that Calista Flockhart, star of Fox's hit TV show Ally McBeal, is so thin. And we in the media are falling all over ourselves trying to figure out whether Flockhart has an eating disorder, especially now that she has denied it. Well, I'm not playing the game. If the entertainment industry really cared about sending the wrong message on body image, it wouldn't need so many slender celebrities in the first place. But the fact remains that 2 million Americans-most of them women and girls-do suffer from eating disorders. In the most extreme cases they literally starve themselves to death. And those who survive are at greater risk of developing brittle bones, life-threatening infections, kidney damage and heart problems. Fortunately, doctors have learned a lot over the past decade about what causes eating disorders and how to treat them. The numbers are shocking. Approximately 1 in 150 teenage girls in the U. S. falls victim to anorexia nervosa, broadly defined as the refusal to eat enough to maintain even a minimal body weight. Not so clear is how many more suffer from bulimia, in which they binge on food, eating perhaps two or three days' worth of meals in 30 minutes, then remove the excess by taking medicine to move the bowels or inducing vomiting. Nor does age necessarily protect you. Anorexia has been diagnosed in girls as young as eight. Most deaths from the condition occur in women over 45. Doctors used to think eating disorders were purely psychological. Now they realize there's some problematic biology as well. In a study published in the Archives of General Psychiatry recently, researchers found abnormal levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, in women who had been free of bulimia for at least a year. That may help explain why drugs have allowed a lot of people to stop swallowing in large doses of food. Unfortunately, the pills don't work as well for denial of food. Nor do they offer a simple one-stop cure. Health-care workers must re-educate their patients in how to eat and think about food. How can you tell if someone you love has an eating disorder? "Bulimics will often leave evidence around as if they want to get caught." Says Tamara Pryor, director of an eating-disorders clinic at the University of Kansas in Wichita. Anorexics, by contrast, are more likely to go through long periods of denial. 1. We can infer from the first paragraph that _____.[A] the media has mislead the public's view of celebrities[B] there is much misunderstanding about eating disorders[C] body image concerns are an indication of eating disorders[D] the entertainment industry is combating eating disorders 2. The victims of eating disorders, more often than not, will _____.[A] starve themselves to death[B] suffer greatly from the complications[C] puzzle doctors in the years to come[D] recover completely with no aftereffects 3. The word "binge" (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means _____.[A] eat excessively [B] refuse to eat[C] fail to digest [D] enjoy a good appetite 4. Bulimia is found to be _____.[A] related to the level of serotonin[B] psychological rather than biological[C] identical with anorexia nervosa in the cure[D] a leading cause of death among middle-aged women 5. The way to find a person with eating disorders _____.[A] focuses on hidden symptoms[B] varies with type of the condition[C] is oriented at the victim's response[D] remains perplexing despite efforts made
答案1.C 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.B
總體分析本文主要介紹了兩種飲食性疾患。
第一段:以一位明星的事例引出全文討論的話題——飲食性疾患。
第二段至五段:介紹兩種飲食性疾患(厭食癥和暴食癥)的危害、表現、治療及判斷方法。
試題精解1.從第一段我們可以推知_______.[A] 媒體誤導了公眾對名人的看法[B] 有很多關于飲食性疾患的誤解[C] 對身體形象的關注是飲食性疾患的標志[D] 娛樂業正在對抗飲食性疾患[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第一段舉了一位明星的例子,指出由于她過分消瘦,引起公眾懷疑她患有飲食性疾患。由此可推出公眾的懷疑是因為該明星對身體形象的過分關注,[C]項正確。該段末句用虛擬語氣指出,"如果娛樂業真地擔心在身體形象上傳達錯誤的信息……".言外之意是娛樂業在一定程度上誤導了人們有關身體形象的看法。排除 [D]項,[A]項錯在celebrity.[B]項無從推知,文章開始出現的rumors和gossip指的是公眾對明星是否患病的猜測。
2.飲食性疾患的受害者經常會_____.[A] 把自己餓死 [B] 因并發癥而備受痛苦[C] 在將來使醫生感到迷惑 [D] 完全康復不留后遺癥[精解] 本題考查事實細節。第二段主要論述了飲食性疾患的危害及治療情況。由第三句可知,飲食性疾患的幸存者,患各種其他疾病的危險更大。[B]項正確,排除[D]項。由第二句中in the most extreme cases排除[A]項;由末句可知,醫生已經掌握了大量關于飲食性疾患的信息,排除[C]項。
3.第三段第三行的單詞"binge"可能的含義是_____.[A] 過量地吃 [B] 拒絕吃 [C] 消化不良 [D] 胃口很好[精解] 本題考查詞義。該詞語上文suffer from bulimia暗示它是一種疾病,下文對該詞作出了進一步解釋:三十分鐘內吃掉兩三天的飯量。因此[A]項正確。
4.暴食癥被發現_____.[A] 和復合胺水平有關 [B] 是心理而非生理問題[C] 在治療方法上和厭食癥一樣 [D] 是中年婦女死亡的主要原因[精解] 本題考查事實細節。由第四段第三句和第四句可知,研究發現復合胺有助于讓許多人停止吞食大量的食物,即擺脫暴食癥。因此[A]項正確。第三段首句指出,飲食性疾患(包括暴食癥)也是生理問題,排除[B]項。第四段第五句指出,(治療暴食癥的)藥物對于治療厭食不起作用。排除[C]項。 [D]項文中未涉及,第三段末句提到,厭食癥造成的死亡大多發生在45歲以上的婦女身上。
5.發現飲食性疾病患者的方式_____.[A] 集中在不明顯的癥狀上 [B] 因患病類型而不同[C] 是針對病人的反應的 [D] 盡管作出了努力還是令人困惑[精解] 本題考查事實細節。第五段指出,暴食癥常常會留下證據,而厭食癥則更可能會長期地否認。因此[B]項正確。
核心詞匯與超綱詞匯(1)fall all over oneself 特別賣力,不遺余力(2)literally(ad.)照字面意義地;真正,完全;差不多,簡直(3)fall victim(to sth.)受傷,受損,被害,如Many plants have fallen victim to the sudden frost(許多植物因突如其來的霜降凍傷了)。
(4)binge(n./v.)狂歡作樂,大吃大喝;~ on sth.,如She binges on chocalate when she's depressed(心情不好時她就使勁吃巧克力)。
(5)bowel(n.)腸,empty/move/open the ~s(排便);內部,the ~s of sth.內部比較深處(6)induce(v.)勸誘,促使,導致,引起(7)vomit(n./v.)嘔吐(物)
(8)problematic(a.)問題的,有疑問的(9)denial(n.)否認,否定;拒絕
全文翻譯
一直有謠言。一直有閑言碎語。得知福克斯熱門電視劇《甜心俏佳人》中的明星卡莉斯塔。弗洛克哈特如此瘦弱,整個好萊塢都很震驚。而我們在媒體中盡力弄清楚弗洛克哈特是否有飲食性疾患,特別是現在她自己對此予以否認。好吧,我不是在兜圈子。如果娛樂業真地擔心在身體形象上傳達錯誤的信息,那么首先就不需要這么多身材纖細的名人。
但是事實仍然是,兩百萬美國人,尤其是婦女和女孩確實有飲食性疾患。在比較極端的情形下,她們真地把自己餓死。而那些幸存者出現骨質疏松、威脅生命的傳染病、腎損傷和心臟問題的危險更大。幸運的是,過去十年中醫生就造成飲食性疾患的原因和治療方法已經獲悉了大量信息。
數字是驚人的。幾乎150個青春期的女孩中就有一個成為厭食癥的受害者。厭食癥廣義上被定義為有意節食以維持比較小的體重。不清楚還有多少人患有暴食癥,這些人狂吃,三十分鐘內可能要吃掉兩三天的飯量,然后通過吃藥幫助大便通暢或者催吐的方式來去處多余的食物。年齡也不一定可以保護你。連八歲的小女孩也被診斷患有厭食癥。這種疾病造成的死亡大多發生在45歲以上的婦女身上。
醫生過去認為飲食性疾患只是心理上的問題,但現在他們意識到也有一些生理上的問題。比較近在《普通精神病學紀要》發表的研究中,研究者在擺脫暴食癥至少一年的婦女中發現非正常水平的復合胺(一種大腦中的神經傳遞素)。這也許有助于解釋為什么藥物讓許多人停止吞食大量的食物。不幸的是,這些藥物對于治療厭食不起作用。而且它們也不提供簡單的一次性治療。醫護工作者必須在如何飲食及如何看待食物方面重新教育他們的病人。
怎樣判斷你所愛的人患有飲食性疾患呢?威奇塔州堪薩斯大學飲食性疾患門診部主任塔瑪拉。派亞說,"暴食癥常常會留下證據就好像他們想被抓獲一樣".相反,厭食癥則更可能會長期地予以否認。
Part B Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the lish A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Rain forest structure is distinct from most other forest types because of its many layers of vegetation, referred to as strata. The lowest stratum is the understory, composed of palms, herbaceous plants (such as wild ginger), and tree seedlings and saplings. (41) _____________. Many have deep red coloring on the underside of their leaves to capture some of the scarce light that does manage to reach the forest understory. This red coloring enables understory plants to absorb light of different wavelengths than do the plants with rich, green-foliaged canopy, the umbrella-shaped upper structure of trees. Above the forest floor but below the canopy are one or more midstory strata, made up of woody plants, such as large shrubs and midsized trees. The overstory is the canopy, in which the tree crowns form a continuous layer that captures the major part of the rainwater and sunlight hitting the forest. The height of the canopy varies from region to region and forest to forest, ranging from 20 to 50 m (65 to 165 ft)。 (42) ____________. Researchers use hot air balloons, cables, catwalks, towers, sophisticated tree-climbing gear, and even robots to study the millions of plants and animals that make their home high up in the forest canopy. Canopy researchers also use huge cranes that are dropped into the heart of the forest by helicopters. Suspended from the crane's long, movable arm is a large cabin that functions as a mobile treetop laboratory. Moving from tree to tree, forest researchers collect specimens, conduct experiments, and observe life in the canopy frontier. The highest stratum of the rain forest is made up of the emergent trees, those individuals that stick up above the forest canopy. Emergents, which do not form a continuous layer, are usually the giants of the forest, reaching heights of 35 to 70 m (115 to 230 ft) or more, and trunk sizes of over 2 m (6.6 ft) in diameter. (43) _____________. However, these trees tend to be so large that they collectively account for the vast majority of the woody mass, or biomass, of the forest. The nicely ordered strata of the rain forest, including the continuous layer of the canopy, are regularly disturbed by naturally occurring events, such as falling trees. Trees in a rain forest canopy are often interconnected by vines, and a falling tree may pull as well as push other trees down with it, producing a domino effect of falling trees. The resulting opening in the forest canopy enables light to pour onto the forest floor. (44) _________________. Other natural disturbances create even larger openings in the forest canopies. For example, along the hurricane belt in the Caribbean and the typhoon belt along the western Pacific, some forests are substantially altered when high winds and storms blow down hundreds of trees every few decades. (45) _________________. Scientists have found that these natural disturbances and the subsequent forest regeneration are a vital process that leads to healthy and diverse forests.[A] New plants and animals then move into the area and begin to grow.[B] Just 2 percent of the sunlight goes through the many layers of leaves and branches above, so understory plant species have developed special traits to cope with low light levels.[C] On a smaller scale, large mammals, such as elephants, regularly destroy rain forest vegetation in the Congo River Basin in Africa.[D] An understory of shorter trees and a lacework of woody vines, or lianas, produce a forest of such complex internal architecture that many animals, including some sizable ones, rarely or never descend to the ground.[E] Less than one percent of the trees in the forest reside in the canopy and emergent layers.[F] Because more light penetrates the canopy, however, the vegetation of the understory and forest floor is better developed than in the tropics.[G] The rich, green canopy is teeming with life, and forest researchers have developed ingenious methods for accessing this mysterious ecosystem.
答案41.B 42.G 43.E 44.A 45.C
總體分析本文是一篇介紹熱帶雨林植被的科普性文章。
第一段:介紹下層植被的構成與特點以及中層植被的構成。
第二段:介紹比較上層的新生樹木層的特點。
第三、四段:分析指出自然干擾因素對森林的影響。
[A] 新的動植物會搬到這些地方并開始生長。
[B] 下層植被形成了適應低光強的特性。
[C] 有些大的哺乳動物通常會破壞非洲剛果河盆地的熱帶雨林植被。
[D] 下層植被和藤蔓植物形成了具有相當復雜的內部體系的森林。
[E] 生長在冠層和新生樹木層的樹較少。
[F] 由于陽光穿透冠層使下層植被和森林地表植被生長得更好。
[G] 研究者已經找到了評估森林冠層的獨創的方法。
試題精解41.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:段落內一致性原則+上下文的銜接本題空格出現在第一段中。上文提到熱帶雨林結構中的比較低層是下層植被。下文提到,下層植被的植物葉子呈深紅色,從而能夠獲取到達下層植被的少量的光。由此可見,上下文圍繞"下層植被"展開論述。出現關鍵詞"understory"的選項有[B]、[D]和[F]。但是,[D]出現了上下文沒有的新信息:"藤蔓植物".[F]中出現了"冠層(canopy)",但從下文即第一段倒數第二句對canopy一詞的定義可知,它應在下文中第一次出現。由此排除[D]和[F]項。[B]強調下層植被適應低光強的特性,其中"低光強"與下文"獲取少量的光"、"吸收不同波長的光"等內容相呼應。
42.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:段落內一致性原則+上下文的銜接本題空格出現在第二段中。上文介紹了冠層的功能與高度。下文的內容可概括為:研究人員使用各種各樣的手段對冠層進行研究。由此可見,上下文圍繞"冠層"展開論述。出現了關鍵詞"canopy"的選項是[E]、[F]和[G]。[E]中出現了上下文沒有的新信息:"新生樹木層",破壞了段落的一致性,該信息實際上到第三段第二句才首次出現。[F]中出現了邏輯詞however,但從內容上看,上文與[F]項并不構成轉折關系。而且[F]強調的是冠層與下層植被和森林地表植被的關系,與下文也無法銜接。[G]只涉及"冠層"和"研究者"的內容,與上下文實現了很好的銜接。
43.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:上下文的銜接+詞語的呼應本題空格出現在第三段中。上文介紹了在熱帶雨林比較上層的新生樹木的特點。下文只有一句話,其中出現了表轉折的邏輯詞however和代詞these trees.從文章結構看,第一至三段已經依次介紹了熱帶雨林的下層、中層、冠層和比較上層,因此本題空格處不應該再回過去只談論下層或冠層。與上文內容能很好銜接的只有[E],它直接提到了"新生樹木層";而且它的內容與下文也能構成轉折,即,雖然樹較少,但是都很粗壯。
44.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:上下文的銜接本題空格出現在第四段末。上文介紹了雨林中連續的的樹層可能遭到的破壞及影響。下文即第五段首句提到,其他的自然干擾會造成冠層更大的空隙。由此可知,上下文論述的是自然干擾對樹層的影響。根據段落一致原則,空格處應延續上文的內容。[A]和上文能夠銜接,其中the area指代上文中the forest floor.[C]有一定的干擾性,其中destroy一詞與上文disturb呼應,但是從內容看,"非洲剛果河盆地的熱帶雨林植被"無法與上文"連續的樹層"銜接。[D]雖然重現了上文的詞語vines,但其內容與上下文毫無關聯。[F]干擾性比較大,其中從句"由于更多的陽光穿透森林冠層"與上文銜接非常緊密,但是主句內容與上下文無法銜接,而且出現了新信息"in the tropics". 45.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:段落內一致性原則+上下文的銜接本題空格出現在第五段中。上文提到對森林造成影響的自然干擾因素并舉例說明。下文指出科學家發現自然干擾因素對森林的形成很關鍵。由此可知,整個第五段圍繞"自然干擾因素對森林的影響"展開論述。符合這一主題的只有[C],它銜接上文,繼續舉例說明自然干擾因素對森林的影響。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯(1)strata(n.)(stratum的復數形式)層,巖層,地層,社會階層(2)understory(n.)(=underwood)林下葉層,下層植物(3)foliaged(a.)葉飾的,有很多葉子的(4)canopy(n.)天篷,遮篷,蒼穹(5)emergent(a.)新興的,處于發展初期的 emerge(v.)出現(6)vines (n.) 藤,蔓(7)domino (n.)骨牌,多米諾骨牌(8)regeneration (n.)再生,重建
全文翻譯熱帶雨林的結構有別于其它大部分森林類型,原因就在于它有很多的植被層,稱之為樹層。比較低層是下層植被,由棕櫚樹、草本植物(如野姜花)、樹苗和小樹構成。僅有2%的陽光可以透過上面眾多的葉層和枝層,所以下層植被形成了適應低光強的特性。[B] 許多植物的葉子下側呈深紅色,以便獲取能夠到達森林下層植被的少量的光。這種紅顏色使下層植被比起那些有很多綠色葉子組成的冠層(即,樹的傘狀上層結構)的植被更能吸收不同波長的光。在森林地表以上冠層以下是一個或多個中間層,由灌木叢和中等大小的樹木等木本植物組成。
冠層就是森林的上層,其中樹冠形成連續不斷的層面并獲取到達森林的大部分雨水和陽光。冠層的高度因地區和森林的不同而不同,范圍在20-50米(65-105英尺)之間。這個濃郁的綠色森林冠層煥發著勃勃生機,森林研究者已經找到了評估這個神秘的生態系統的一些獨創的方法。[G] 研究人員使用熱氣球、電纜、狹窄過道、鐵塔、精密的爬樹設備,甚至使用機器人來研究數百萬種把巢筑在高高的冠層上的動植物。冠層研究者們還使用大型的起重機,通過直升飛機將它們安置在森林的中心地帶。懸掛在起重機長長的活動臂上的是一個較大的屋子,作為一個移動的樹冠實驗室使用。通過在樹與樹之間移動,研究者們收集樣本、進行實驗并且在冠層比較邊緣處觀察生命。
熱帶雨林的比較上層由新生的樹木組成,那些獨立的樹在冠層上部豎起。這些新生的樹木沒有形成一個連續層,但它們通常是森林的"巨人",高度可達35-70米(115-230英尺)或者更高,樹干的直徑也有兩米多(6.6英尺)。但是,森林中不到1%的樹生長在冠層和新生樹木層。[E] 盡管如此,這些樹一般都很粗壯,因此構成了森林中大部分的樹木或生物物質。
雨林中排列有序的樹層,包括連續的樹冠層,經常遭到諸如樹木倒塌這樣的自然事件的破壞。雨林冠層的樹木通常由藤蔓彼此相連,因此倒下的樹木可能把其他的樹都拽起和推倒,造成了一種樹木倒塌的"多米諾"效應。結果,森林冠層出現的缺口使陽光能夠照射到森林地表上來。然后,新的動植物會搬到這些地方并開始生長。[A]其他的自然干擾造成了森林冠層更大的空隙。例如,沿加勒比海颶風帶和沿西太平洋的臺風帶,每幾十年狂風和暴雨就會摧毀成百計的樹木,因此一些森林就完全地改變了。在小范圍內,一些大的哺乳動物,如大象,通常會破壞非洲剛果河盆地的熱帶雨林植被。[C]科學家已經發現這些自然干擾和后來的森林再生是一個至關重要的過程,這個過程形成了茂盛的、形形色色的森林。
Part C Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Relativity theory has had a profound influence on our picture of matter by forcing us to modify our concept of a particle in an essential way. (47)In classical physics, the mass of an object had always been associated with an indestructible material substance, with some "stuff" of which all things were thought to be made. Relativity theory showed that mass has nothing to do with any substance, but is a form energy. Energy, however, is a dynamic quantity associated with activity, or with processes.(48)The fact that the mass of a particle is equivalent to a certain of energy means that the particle can no longer be seen as a static object, but has to be conceived as a dynamic pattern, a process involving the energy which manifest itself as the particle's mass.(49)This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac when he formulated a relativistic equation describing the behavior of electrons. Dirac's theory was not only extremely successful in accounting for the fine details of atomic structure, but also revealed a fundamental symmetry between matter and anti-matter. It predicted the existence of an anti-matter with the same mass as the electron but with an opposite charge. This positively charged particle, now called the positron, was indeed discovered two years after Dirac had predicted it. The symmetry between matter and anti-matter implies that for every particle there exists an antiparticles with equal mass and opposite charge. Pairs of particles and antiparticles can be created if enough energy is available and can be made to turn into pure energy in the reverse process of destruction.(50)These processes of particle creation and destruction had been predicted from Dirac's theory before they were actually discovered in nature, and since then they have been observed millions of times. The creation of material particles from pure energy is certainly the most spectacular effect of relativity theory, and it can only be understood in terms of the view of particles outlined above.(51)Before relativistic particle physics, the constituents of matter had always been considered as being either elementary units which were indestructible and unchangeable, or as composite objects which could be broken up into their constituent parts; and the basic question was whether one could divide matter again and again, or whether one would finally arrive at some smallest indivisible units.
答案47.在古典物理中,某一物體的質量總是與一種不可毀滅的物質相關聯。這是一種構成一切物質的"東西". 48.某一粒子的質量相當于一定的能量,這一事實意味著該粒子不再被看作是一個靜態的物體,而應該被看成是一種動態的形式,一種與能量表現為粒子質量相關的過程。
49.這一新的粒子觀是由迪拉克首創的,他列出了描述電子運動行為的相對論方程。
50.粒子生成和毀滅的過程在真正被發現之前,迪拉克的理論已經對它們作出了預測,從那時起人們對此做過數百萬次的觀測。
51.在相對論粒子物理學誕生之前,人們一直以為物質的構成成分要么是不可毀滅和不可改變的基本單位,要么是可以分解為其構成部分的合成物。
總體分析本文是一篇關于粒子物理理論的文章。
第一段:指出相對論改變了我們的粒子概念,從而影響了我們對物質的理解。
第二段:指出這一粒子觀點是由迪拉克首創的,他的理論揭示了物質和反物質的基本對稱。該理論已經得到了證實。
第三段:純能量創造物質粒子是相對論比較驚人的影響。相對論觀點的粒子物理學改變了人們對于物質的看法和理解。
本文是一篇科普性說明文,屬于正式文體。考生首要的任務是清楚地分析句子結構,并結合自己的物理常識準確把握生疏詞匯,在此基礎上完成翻譯。本題考核的知識點:(一)被動語態。(二)定語,包括定語從句,分詞作定語。(三)狀語從句。
試題精解47.[精解] 本題考核的知識點是:被動語態、定語從句的譯法。
該句的句子主干是:the mass …… had always been associated with an indestructible material substance,其中完成時的被動語態had been associated with,可譯成"總是與。。。相關聯".with some "stuff" of which引導的定語從句修飾indestructible material substance,翻譯的時候應該按照漢語習慣,將定語前置,放到所修飾的名詞前面。可直譯為"所有物質被認為是由這種物質構成的",或意譯為"這是構成一切物質的東西".考生應該注意of 與be made是詞組be made of被分隔了的形式,譯成"由。。。構成的".詞匯:classical"經典的,古典的",在該句中取其第二種含義,譯成"古典物理". 48.[精解] 本題考核知識點:同位語、賓語從句、定語從句、現在分詞作定語的譯法。
該句的句子主干是The fact means that……,fact后是that 引導的同位語從句,同位語從句的翻譯和定語從句翻譯有很多相似之處,如果句子較長,可單獨成句,并用"這一事實。。。"將從句和主語連接在一起,that可以省略不譯。Means后是that引導的賓語從句,其中有兩個并列的謂語:can no longer be seen as和has to be conceived as,譯為"不能再被看成。。。,而應該被看成。。。".a process 是賓語補足語a dynamic pattern的同位語,可以譯成并列結構。Involving……部分是現在分詞作定語,修飾a process,按照漢語習慣譯成"與……有關的過程".Which……mass是定語從句,修飾the energy,可譯成"表現為粒子質量的能量。"詞匯:be equivalent to"等同于,相當于". Be conceived as"被看成,被認為".Dynamic"動力的,動態的". 49.[精解] 本題考核知識點:被動語態、狀語從句、現在分詞作定語的譯法。
該句的句子主干是被動語態結構This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac,在翻譯被動語態時,通常按照漢語習慣轉換成主動語態,但是有時候為了突出施動者,也可譯成"由。。。所做的".該句中為了突出initiated這一動作是由Dirac發出,應譯成"這一觀點是由。。。首創的".When 引導時間狀語從句,可譯成"當。。。的時候",或者為了突出正在發生的事件,譯成"那時候。。。".describing …… electrons部分是現在分詞作定語,修飾relativistic equation,應該按照漢語習慣譯成"描述電子運動行為的相對論方程".詞匯:initiated"開始,發起",句中譯為"首創".Formulated"用公式表達,明確地表達".relativistic equation"相對論方程". 50.[精解] 本體考核知識點:狀語從句、被動語態的譯法。
該句由兩個并列的分句構成:These processes had been predicted和since then they have been observed.前一分句中of particle creation and destruction部分是介詞短語作定語,修飾主語processes,應譯為"粒子生成和毀滅的過程".Before……in nature部分為時間狀語,翻譯時,可按照漢語習慣前置,譯成"在。。。之前".后一分句中的時間狀語since then可譯成"在。。之后"或"從那時".此外翻譯被動語態結構had been predicted from Dirac's theory時,為了突出施動者,可以按照漢語習慣,譯為主動結構。
詞匯:creation and destruction"生成和毀滅".predict"預測,預言",文中談論的是科學現象,應該譯為"預測".in nature"實際上". 51.[精解] 本題考核知識點:完成時的被動語態、狀語從句、定語從句、either……or結構的譯法。
該句的句子主干是:the constituents of matter had always been considered as either……or……。完成時的被動語態had always been considered,可按照漢語習慣譯成主動語態,即"人們一直以為".狀語before……可直接翻譯,在句中位置不變。Either……or……句型應該譯成"或者……或者……",也可以譯成"要么……要么……".本句中兩個as……部分均為賓語補足語,與consider一起譯成"看成是……".兩個which引導定語從句,修飾兩個賓語補足語,翻譯時采用前置法將定語提前。
詞匯:relativistic particle physics"相對粒子物理學",constituents of matter"物質構成成分", composite objects"合成物".
全文翻譯相對論迫使我們從本質上改變了粒子概念,從而深深地影響了我們對物質的理解。在古典物理中,某一物體的質量總是與一種不可毀滅的物質相關聯。這是一種構成一切物質的"東西".相對論表明,質量與任何物質都毫無關系,它只是一種能量形式。而能量則是與運動或過程聯系在一起的動態的量。某一粒子的質量相當于一定的能量,這一事實意味著該粒子不能再被看作是一個靜態的物體,而應該被看成是一種動態的形式,一種與能量表現為粒子質量相關的過程。
這一新的粒子觀是由迪拉克首創的,他列出了描述電子運動行為的相對論方程。迪拉克理論的極大成功不僅是因為證明了原子結構的微細節,還因為它揭示了物質與反物質的基本對稱。這一理論預測了反物質的存在,反物質與電子質量相同,電荷相反。迪拉克做出預測兩年后,就有人真正發現這種釋放正電的粒子,也就是現在的正電子。物質和反物質的對稱顯示了每個粒子都存在著一個質量相同但電荷相反的反粒子。如果有足夠的能量,就能創造出粒子和反粒子的粒子對,并在其逆向破壞的過程中轉化成純能量。粒子生成和毀滅的過程在真正被發現之前,迪拉克的理論已經對它們作出了預測,從那時起人們對此做過數百萬次的觀測。
純能量創造物質粒子無疑是相對論產生的比較驚人的影響,也只有通過上述粒子觀才能理解。在相對粒子物理學誕生之前,人們一直以為物質的構成成分要么是不可毀滅和改變的基本單位,要么是可以分解為其構成部分的合成物。基本的問題是:人們是否可以一次又一次地分裂物質,或者說人們是否可以比較終達到一些比較小的不可分割的單位。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A 51. Directions:Suppose you are going to graduate. You want to hold a yard sale before you leave. Write a poster to advertise your sale, providing the following information:1) time and place of the sale,2) items for sale, and 3) ways to contact you. You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points)
一、審題與謀篇本題要求寫一個海報。海報是人們日常生活中極為常見的一種招貼形式,多用于電影、戲曲、比賽、文藝演出等活動。海報中通常要寫清楚活動的性質、主辦單位、時間、地點等內容。海報的語言要求簡明扼要,形式要做到新穎美觀。海報的格式,通常有三部分組成,即標題、正文與落款。海報的標題對于海報的宣傳極為重要。因此標題的撰寫要做到簡潔明快,新穎醒目,抓住讀者的注意力,海報的標題形式通常有兩種:一是直接使用"海報"(Poster)一詞;另一種則是根據海報的內容,撰寫標題。海報正文是海報的核心部分,它是對海報標題的具體描述。語言要求形象生動,簡明扼要。做到既有鼓動性,又不夸大其辭。正文的常見表現形式有:簡介說明式,文學描述式,美術設計式。由于考試時間的限制,只有簡介說明式可能在考試中出現,應試時把題目要求的內容寫清楚即可。
指導語中給出的情景是離校前的一次庭院銷售(注:美國人習慣在自家出售舊貨故稱庭院銷售),要求海報的內容應包括:(1)銷售的時間、地點;(2)所售物品;(3)你的聯系方式。
二、 參考范文Yard Sale As graduation is approaching, we English major seniors are holding a yard sale on campus. Welcome to participate and choose the items you need. Time: June 1-2, from 10:00 am to 17:00 pm Place: In front of the second dining hall Items for sale: All types of books (especially in the subject of English language and literature), reading lamps, fans, tables, etc., in addition to other everyday necessities. Contact: For detailed information, contact Li Ming at 01088826667. We have the largest collection and the lowest prices. Don't miss the chance to be there. Senior Students of English Department
Part B 52. Directions:Write an essay with the title "Reading Books in Printed Form or on Computer" in which you should 1) analyze the strong points and weak points of each one, and 2) tell your own preference and your reasons. You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)
一、審題與謀篇本題是一篇標題加提綱式作文。文章的主題和基本框架在指導語中給出了要求。文章要求以"Reading Books in Printed Form or on Computer(讀印刷書還是電子書)"為題(同時也是文章的主題),(一)分析印刷書和電子書的優缺點;(二)說明你自己的喜好及其原因。
二、參考范文Reading Books in Printed Form or on Computer The popularization of computer has made it possible to read books on computer. With it, there is much discussion about whether e-books will replace traditional print-on-paper books. Some people say they like only e-books, which are quicker and more convenient to get and use. To get a needed book, one has to spend much time or money in searching for or buying it in bookstores, but one can just type in the title, author or other related information of the book to find it in minutes on internet. Sometimes one can even read the full content of a digitized book free of charge or instantly discuss about a book in an online forum. Moreover, a lot of information of books can be stored in a small compact disc, which is easy to take. Other people, however, think printed books are still necessary. In the first place, too much time in front of the computer can cause eyestrain or increase radiation risks. Second, a printed book can be read at your convenience. One can read in bed before sleep or during a boring journey, without fussing with a computer. In sum, since e-books and printed books have their respective advantages and can complement each other, I would like to combine the two ways to meet different needs. For quick reference, a digitized book will probably be useful. To appreciate a poem or a novel, I prefer the traditional way of reading on printed books.
nvenience. One can read in bed before sleep or during a boring journey, without fussing with a computer. In sum, since e-books and printed books have their respective advantages and can complement each other, I would like to combine the two ways to meet different needs. For quick reference, a digitized book will probably be useful. To appreciate a poem or a novel, I prefer the traditional way of reading on printed books.
特別聲明:①凡本網注明稿件來源為"原創"的,轉載必須注明"稿件來源:育路網",違者將依法追究責任;
②部分稿件來源于網絡,如有侵權,請聯系我們溝通解決。
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