考研英語(yǔ)傳統(tǒng)閱讀與新題型的必備解題攻略(二)

      上一篇我們以經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)相關(guān)內(nèi)容的閱讀理解為例，向大家解析了傳統(tǒng)閱讀的解題技巧，在這篇“必殺技”中，我們依然用實(shí)體文章向09年考生講解閱讀理解的解題方法與技巧。下面以選自于萬(wàn)學(xué)·海文教研中心研發(fā)的《2009考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解技巧標(biāo)準(zhǔn)全書》中的一篇與醫(yī)學(xué)相關(guān)的篇目為例，教你掌握閱讀理解中新題型的解題“必殺技”。

　　閱讀新題型——段落排序題

　　醫(yī)學(xué)篇

　　Directions:

　　The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The second, the fifth and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

　　[A]The Thorax paper doesn't specify the illnesses that may result from weakened lung function, though there is evidence that a rapid decline on the order of those recorded in the study's most hostile subjects can lead to lung disease, heart disease, and even early death. The study's strength, Wright says, is that it uses an interdisciplinary approach involving psychology and medicine, and relies on objective measures of both hostility and lung function.

　　[B]The researchers' next steps are to look at whether the effects of hostility are reversible, and to conduct a similar study of a group of younger people, to get a sense of how early these effects can be seen. “We can intervene later,” says Kubzansky, “but wouldn't it be nice if they never get there in the first place?”

　　[C]Rosalind Wright, assistant professor of medicine at Harvard, notes that the lungs have been neglected in part, because there’s no clear-cut event like a heart attack to show evidence of their decline. But Wright and her colleagues, drawing on new data, say doctors need to pay more attention to lung function and talk about it with at-risk patients.

　　[D]Stress headaches, stress fractures, and stress-induced heart attacks are already well known to the general public. Now new research suggests that the lungs are vulnerable to the effects of stress as well.

　　[E]The results, despite their objectivity, may not entirely please doctors, whose time with patients is already tight. “Clinicians look for: ‘You have it or you don't,’” says Wright's fellow author Laura Kubzansky, an assistant professor in the department of society, human development, and health at the Harvard School of Public Health. “Psychological factors are not so simple. You can't say, ‘Oh, this is a non-hostile person’ in the way that you can say, ‘This is a nonsmoker.’ It makes the whole endeavor harder.”

　　[F]Recently, in the journal Thorax, they published one of the first studies to show that hostility is a risk factor for poor lung function among older men. The researchers found that men who were more hostile at the outset of the study suffered a more rapid rate of decline in their lung function than others. Moreover, the study found that damage to lung function from hostility was comparable to the amount of damage done by cigarettes, an effect even the investigators were surprised to see. That means, says Wright, “Just as smoking can hurt your lungs, harboring hostility may be harmful.”

　　[G]The researchers analyzed data from a long-term study of 670 men aged 45 to 86 whose hostility and lung function were measured several times during an eight-year period. Lung function was assessed using a spirometer, which measures subjects’ lung capacity and rate of airflow when they blow into a tube. Hostility, defined as a personality trait that leads to chronic anger, was measured by a widely used true-false questionnaire that assesses mistrust, resentment, and suspiciousness.

　　[H]Both Wright and Kubzansky say that this research has made them more focused on how people become hostile in the first place. “It changes the way I parent,” says Wright, who is the mother of two children. “When they get furious, I’ll sit down and have a conversation with each of them—one I wish I could have had myself when I was young—about how anger at his brother affects him, and about how it affects his brother.”

　　(一)答題步驟及方法

　　1.精讀題目已經(jīng)給出的首尾段落，推測(cè)所要選填內(nèi)容談?wù)摰闹行摹?/p>

　　由于排序題對(duì)邏輯嚴(yán)密性要求，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，選填內(nèi)容的5個(gè)段落邏¼性較強(qiáng)，所談?wù)搩?nèi)容的中心單一，一旦通過(guò)首尾句判定出選填內(nèi)容的中心，那么在下一步的通讀選項(xiàng)中就會(huì)有意識(shí)的確定每個(gè)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容和中心的關(guān)系，方便下一步對(duì)題目的正確解答。

　　2.通讀選項(xiàng)，了解每個(gè)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，確認(rèn)選填部分內(nèi)容明確的中心并勾畫出每個(gè)段落中的特征詞(特征詞分析見(jiàn)第一節(jié)選擇填空內(nèi)容)，根據(jù)特征詞排定大概順序。

　　3.再次精讀題目已給出的首段內(nèi)容，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和結(jié)合西方語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣確定41號(hào)空選填內(nèi)容。

　　一般來(lái)說(shuō)，東方人的思維是螺旋型的，西方人則多為直線型。他們?cè)谡撌鲆粋�(gè)觀點(diǎn)或因果關(guān)系時(shí)，先直接拿出論點(diǎn)(雖然有時(shí)候會(huì)引用其他觀點(diǎn)作為引出自己觀點(diǎn)的鋪墊，但對(duì)于自己陳述的主要觀點(diǎn)部分還是按照先有論點(diǎn)后有論據(jù)的順序進(jìn)行篇章布局)或結(jié)果，然后再去引用論據(jù)或原因闡述，這個(gè)在歷年真題的閱讀文章中有較好的體現(xiàn)(本題中的C項(xiàng)和E項(xiàng))。

　　41空的正確選填對(duì)于整個(gè)排序題至關(guān)重要，因?yàn)樗�一方面關(guān)系到考生答題狀況(如果考生第一個(gè)空都難以作答，自然會(huì)感覺(jué)全身緊張，緊張直接影響考試發(fā)揮狀態(tài)，這不是命題人所希望看到的)，另一方面也給出后面選項(xiàng)的答題思路。這一空一般不難，而作為已¾給出的首段內(nèi)容必然含41空的選填暗示，考生需要好好分析給出的第一段內(nèi)容，從選項(xiàng)中找出與之可以承接的內(nèi)容。

　　4.根據(jù)41空內(nèi)容和文中關(guān)鍵詞，以及選填內(nèi)容的中心確定42。

　　5.結(jié)合文章中心，對(duì)剩余三個(gè)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行對(duì)比，確定45空的選填內(nèi)容。

　　一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在剩余的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，45空作為選填內(nèi)容的結(jié)尾段落，其內(nèi)容的確定比較容易，這也遵從由易到難逐個(gè)擊破的答題策略。

　　6.對(duì)最后兩項(xiàng)進(jìn)行對(duì)比，通過(guò)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容或選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)判定最后兩項(xiàng)的排序。

　　總的來(lái)說(shuō)，5個(gè)選項(xiàng)的一般難度分布為41空難度最小，其次為42空，再次之是45空，最難的就是43空和44空，但一旦前面叫容易的三個(gè)空解決掉了，后面的兩個(gè)空也自然迎刃而解。

　　7.最后一步，文章補(bǔ)充完整之后，檢查整個(gè)文章的邏輯關(guān)系是否合理。

　　(二)試題分析(技能應(yīng)用)

　　第一步，找到題目給出文章中已給定的最前面的一段和最末的一段，大概了解文章講述的內(nèi)容。

　　從給出的C項(xiàng)我們大概知道本文講述的主要是有關(guān)lung的問(wèn)題；而給出文章結(jié)尾的B項(xiàng)好像談到的是hostility的影響，兩者聯(lián)系起來(lái)我們可以隱約的感覺(jué)到本文可能是講hostility對(duì)lung的影響(當(dāng)然，這里如果不能把這兩者內(nèi)容聯(lián)系起來(lái)也不要緊，我們可以繼續(xù)從下面找線索)。

　　第二步：按自然順序通讀余下選項(xiàng)A、D、E、F、G、H，了解各選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容，勾»出各項(xiàng)中的可以反映出上下關(guān)系的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容，如：一些關(guān)鍵詞、中心詞等(尤其關(guān)注每段段首和段尾句，因?yàn)樗鼈兤鹬�承上啟下的作用，答題的關(guān)鍵信息一般藏在它們之間)，并勾畫出已在題目中排好順序的選項(xiàng)。

　　通讀各選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，在通讀過(guò)程中可以很輕松的判斷出D項(xiàng)的位置，從D的內(nèi)容看，它是第一次引入文章談?wù)摰闹行脑掝}the lungs，故41空應(yīng)該選D。然后，我們分別畫出余下選填內(nèi)容A、E、F、H的關(guān)鍵信息。A中的關(guān)鍵詞有The Thorax paper，E中關(guān)鍵詞有the results、despite their objectivity、Laura Kubzansky(從選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容上我們可以判斷出該人物是在這一段第一次出現(xiàn)，下文中如果出現(xiàn)同一個(gè)人物是我們判斷段落順序的關(guān)鍵，因此我們把第一次出現(xiàn)的人物也作為關(guān)鍵詞)，F(xiàn)中關(guān)鍵詞有the journal Thorax、they，H中關(guān)鍵詞有Both Wright and Kubzansky、this research。

　　第三步，通過(guò)中心詞或其他有關(guān)聯(lián)的詞把含義內(nèi)容靠近的選項(xiàng)歸在一起，確定選項(xiàng)的順序。

　　從中心詞和關(guān)鍵詞我們可以看出，A、E、F、H都是圍繞Wright and Kubzansky的研究成果展開的內(nèi)容，其中A、E、F是圍繞the paper的內(nèi)容，H中的both 顯然是對(duì)the paper最后的總結(jié)，故H應(yīng)該放在A、E、F的后面，由此可以得出45空應(yīng)該選H。對(duì)于A、E、F，由于F是第一次引出the paper的內(nèi)容，因此F應(yīng)該放在A、E之前，由此確定42空應(yīng)該選F。再對(duì)比余下的A、E項(xiàng)，從A、E中含有共同相關(guān)的objective內(nèi)容我們可以判斷出A應(yīng)該在E之前，故43空應(yīng)該選A，44空應(yīng)該選E。

　　第四步，把文章整體閱讀一遍看邏輯關(guān)系是否合適。

　　從選填的內(nèi)容我們可以看出，文章主要講述醫(yī)學(xué)工作者發(fā)現(xiàn)Hostility(敵對(duì)情緒)對(duì)肺部健康的影響。文中首段提出壓力會(huì)導(dǎo)致肺部疾病，第二段到第七段圍繞hostility(有時(shí)用形容詞hostile)使用醫(yī)學(xué)工作者的新研究結(jié)果來(lái)證明敵對(duì)情緒對(duì)肺部健康的影響。最后一段提出未來(lái)研究方向。行文嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，邏輯嚴(yán)密。

　　總之，當(dāng)你熟悉了新題型的解題思路，通過(guò)平時(shí)的訓(xùn)練以及對(duì)真題的研讀，掌握了它的考查重點(diǎn)、命題規(guī)律后，這種題型的難度自然就降低了。正所謂的熟能生巧！