一、海運運費率的類型 (考試重點)
　　1-1 課文： Ocean freight rates may be broadly divided into tramp rates and liner freight rates.
　　注釋：freight rate: 海運運費率 broadly: 廣泛，寬廣地，大致上地 divide into: 分為，分成 tramp rate: 不定期船運費率 liner freight rate: 班輪運輸費率
　　課文意思：海運運費費率可大致上分成不定期船運費率和班輪運費率。
　　1. 不定期船費率
　　特點：
　　課文：Tramp rates fluctuate with market conditions of supply and demand. In a boom period, the tramp rates rise; in a period of recession, they decline.
　　不定期船費率隨航運市場的供求關(guān)系而波動。在市場繁榮時期，不定期船費率上升，在市場蕭條時期，費率下降(注釋：fluctuate:變動，波動，漲落 boom: 繁榮 recession: 不景氣，蕭條)]
　　2.班輪運輸費率
　　特點：
　　課文：Liner freight rates are fixed by shipping conferences and other liner operators; they are related more to the costs of operation and remain comparatively steady over a period of time. 班輪運費率由班輪公會和其他的班輪營運人確定;他們多與營運成本密切相關(guān)，在一定時期內(nèi)保持相對穩(wěn)定。(注釋：fixed: 固定的，確定的 shipping conference: 班輪公會 liner operator: 班輪營運人 comparatively: 比較地，相當(dāng)?shù)?steady: 穩(wěn)定的，穩(wěn)固的，堅定的 over a period of time: 在一定時期內(nèi) )
　　二、班輪運費費用的范圍 (考試重點)
　　2-1 課文：Freight forwarders are mainly concerned with liner freight rates.
　　注釋：mainly: 大體上，主要地 be concerned with: 和…有關(guān)
　　課文意思： 貨運代理主要涉及班輪運費率。
　　2-2 課文：Although the principles on which the liner freight rates are fixed have not been clarified by shipping conferences or operators, it is evident that the cost of providing such services will cover actual costs and a margin of profit.
　　注釋：although: 盡管，雖然 principle: 原則，法則，原理 clarify: 澄清，闡明 evident: 明顯的，顯然的 actual: 實際的，真實的，現(xiàn)行的，目前的 margin: 利潤，(時間、金額的)富余 profit: 利潤，益處，得益
　　課文意思：盡管班輪公會或班輪經(jīng)營人對班輪費率的確定原則并不公開，但是很顯然，提供班輪服務(wù)的運輸成本應(yīng)包括實際運輸成本和利潤額度。
　　2-3 課文：The total costs of providing the services consist of fixed costs and variable costs.
　　注釋：total: 總的，全部的，整個的 consist of: 由…組成 fixed cost: 固定成本 variable cost: 可變成本 (variable: 可變的，不定的，易變的)
　　課文意思：這些服務(wù)的全部費用由固定成本和可變成本兩個部分組成。
　　1. 固定成本包含的費用
　　1) cost of officers and crew 船員的工資 (officer: 船長 crew: 全體船員)
　　2) insurance 保險
　　3) repairs and maintenance 維修和保養(yǎng)費(repair: 維修，修理 maintenance: 維護(hù)，保養(yǎng))
　　4) stores 物料費 (stores: 物料)
　　5) administrative costs 管理費用 (administrative: 管理的，行政的)
　　6) interests and depreciation 利息以及折舊 (interest: 利息，利益 depreciation: 折舊，貶值，減價，跌落)
　　2.可變成本包含的費用
　　1) cost of fuel 燃料費 (fuel: 燃料)
　　2) loading and unloading expenses 裝卸費 (loading: 裝載 unloading: 卸載 = discharge)
　　3) port costs 港口費
　　三、決定運費的因素 (考試重點)
　　3-1 課文：When determining the freight rate, the carrier will also consider stowage factor, distance and the age-old principle of “What the traffic can bear”.
　　注釋：determine: 決定，確定，測定 consider: 考慮，照顧 stowage factor: 積載因數(shù)(stowage: 裝載，裝載量 factor: 因素，要素，因數(shù)) distance:　距離，在這里引申為“航程” age-old: 古老的 traffic: 運輸量，交通量 bear: 負(fù)擔(dān)，承受
　　課文意思：在確定運費率時，承運人還將考慮積載因數(shù)，航程以及一個很古老的原則，即“運輸所能承受”的原則。
　　3-2 課文：In fact, the principle of “what the traffic can bear” in effect means that commodities which are highly rated subsidize those which are rated lower.
　　注釋：in fact: 實際上 in effect: 有效 commodities: 商品 highly: 高地，非常 rated: 定價的，額定的 subsidize: 補償，資助
　　課文意思：實際上，“運輸所能承受”原則是指高費率的商品可以補償較低費率的商品。
　　3-3 課文：This principle was more commonly adopted in the past than the “cost of service” principle because of the problems involved in the computation of the actual unit costs.
　　注釋：commonly: 普通地，一般地 adopt: 采用 in the past: 在過去 cost of service: 服務(wù)成本
　　computation: 計算，估計 unit: 個體，(計量)單位:
　　課文意思：“運輸所能承受”原則在過去比“服務(wù)成本”原則更為普遍的采用，這是由于實際單位成本計算時所涉及到的問題。
　　3-4 課文：However, containerization with standardized cargo units has made the calculation of the service cost per unit easier than heterogeneous break bulk cargoes.
　　注釋：however: 可是，無論如何，仍然 containerization: 貨柜運輸，貨柜裝貨 standardized: 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，定型的 calculation: 計算，考慮 per unit: 每個單位 heterogeneous: 不同種類的 break bulk cargo：雜貨，普通貨物
　　課文意思：可是，計算貨柜運輸?shù)臉?biāo)準(zhǔn)貨物單位的服務(wù)成本要比不同種類的普通貨物的服務(wù)成本容易得多。
　　3-5 課文：The carriers are therefore increasingly adopting the “service cost” principle nowadays, particularly with a view to fighting competition.
　　注釋：therefore: 因此，所以 increasingly: 日益，愈加 nowadays: 現(xiàn)今，現(xiàn)在 particularly: 獨特地，顯著地 with a view to: 著眼于，以…為目的，考慮到 fighting: 挑戰(zhàn)性的，適于戰(zhàn)斗的 competition: 競爭
　　課文意思：特別考慮到競爭因素，因此如今承運人日益采用“服務(wù)成本”原則。
　　3-6 課文：The open market rates are also taken into account. When commodities move in large quantities and are susceptible to charter competition, the rates may be left “open” so that a liner has the option of charging whatever is considered appropriate in the competitive situation.
　　注釋：open market rate:　公開市場費率　take into account: 重視，考慮 susceptible:易受影響的　so that : 所以option: 選擇權(quán) charge: 收費，要價 appropriate: 適當(dāng)?shù)?competitive: 競爭的
　　課文意思：公開市場費率同樣受到關(guān)注。當(dāng)貨物運輸?shù)臄?shù)量大且易受到租船競爭的影響時，為了適合競爭環(huán)境，因此費率可能會公開，所以班輪運輸在運費價格方面有了可供選擇的權(quán)利。
　　3-7 課文：The liner rates are also subject to surcharges or adjustment factors which may be levied from time to time in order to enable the shipping lines to meet certain price variations in their inputs such as currency adjustment factor (CAF), the bunker adjustment factor (BAF) and port congestion surcharges.
　　注釋：be subject to: 受…影響的 surcharge:　附加費用　adjustment factor: 調(diào)整因素 levy: 征收 from time to time: 有時 in order to: 為了 enable: 使能夠 shipping line: 航運公司 variation: 變化，變更 input: 投入 currency adjustment factor:　貨幣貶值調(diào)整因素，貨幣貶值附加費　bunker adjustment factor: 燃油價格調(diào)整因素，燃油附加費 port congestion surcharge: 港口擁擠附加費(congestion: 擁塞)
　　課文意思：班輪費率也受附加費和其他調(diào)節(jié)因素的影響而變化，這些費用可能會被不時征收以使航運公司應(yīng)付投入中的價格變化，比如貨幣貶值的影響，燃油價格變化的調(diào)整因素和港口擁擠附加費。
　　1.The total costs of providing the service of transportation consist of fixed costs and ( ) -2004年單選題
　　A. variable costs
　　B. administrative costs
　　C. costs of repairs
　　D. costs of crew
　　答案：A
　　分析：班輪運費總的費用包括固定成本和可變成本兩個部分。
　　2.When determining the freight rate, the age-old principle of “what the traffic can bear” is increasingly substituted by the ( ) principle nowadays.
　　A. open market rate
　　B. surcharges
　　C. service cost
　　D. stowage factor
　　答案：C
　　分析：決定運價水平高低取決于許多因素，最初的“運輸所能承受”原則，現(xiàn)在逐漸被考慮服務(wù)成本原則所替代。
　　練習(xí)
　　5-1 單選題
　　1.Liner freight rates will be fixed by ( )
　　A. the government
　　B. international conference
　　C. shipping conference and other liner operators
　　D. shipowners
　　答案：C
　　2. Nowadays the principle of (　　) increasingly adopted by the carriers broadly.
　　A. What the traffic can bear
　　B. What the ship can bear
　　C. cost of fuel
　　D. cost of service
　　答案：D
　　3. When the cost of fuel is fluctuating, the carriers may charge ( )
　　A. BAF
　　B. CAF
　　C.CAD
　　D.PCS
　　答案：A
　　5-2 多選題
　　1.The cost of providing shipping services contain (　　)
　　A. fixed costs
　　B. variable costs
　　C. raw materials cost
　　D. insurance costs
　　答案：AB
　　2.Ocean freight broadly may be divided into ( )
　　A. tramp freight rate
　　B. Non-conference liner freight rate
　　C liner freight rate
　　D. NVOCC freight rate
　　答案：AC
　　3. The fixed cost may contain:
　　A. cost of fuel
　　B. cost of crew
　　C. stores
　　D. insurance
　　答案：BCD
　　5-3 英漢互譯
　　1. 漢譯英
　　1)折舊 2)固定成本 3)補貼 4)班輪運費率 5)海運運費 6)利潤 7)附加費 8)燃油附加費
　　答案：1) depreciation 2) fixed cost 3) subsidize 4) liner freight rate 5) ocean freight rate 6) profit 7) surcharge 8) bunker adjustment factor
　　1. 英譯漢
　　1)variable cost 2) CAF 3) stowage factor 4) tramp freight rate 5) break bulk cargo 6) adjustment factors 7) const of service 8) administrative cost
　　答案：1)可變成本 2)貨幣貶值調(diào)整因素;貨幣貶值附加費 3)積載因素 4)不定期船運費率 5)雜貨 6)調(diào)整因素 7)服務(wù)成本 8)管理費用