2011年考研英語語法講義：定語從句

定語從句

　　一、定語從句的概念 什么是定語從句?

　　例: A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.

　　用來修飾前面的名詞或者代詞的具有完整的主謂結構的句子就叫著定語從句。有兩個必備的基本元素。一個是先行詞;一個是關系詞。

　　1.名詞或代詞做先行詞。

　　例：He laughs best who laughs last.

　　2.短語做先行詞。Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.

　　3.用句子做先行詞。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

　　I am a student ，which you all know.

　　當先行詞與關系詞被割裂時是如何表現的。如：Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off.

　　找先行詞的方法。反證法。把它帶進去。哪一個是通順的，哪一個就是先行詞。

　　1. 翻譯定語從句。

　　2. 結合先行詞的結構特點和位置特征在關系詞之前尋找與定語從句的意思的有邏輯關系相符合的詞。

　　二、定語從句里面的關系代詞的用法。

　　1.常用的關系代詞：which, that, who, whom。Whom現在用的很少。前面有介詞只能用which，不能用that。

　　2. 關系代詞在考試中的特殊情況。

　　What:1)它是子母同體。相當于一個關系代詞以及一個先行詞。What前面不應該在出現先行詞。 如果前面已經偶一個關系詞，就不能用what來引導。例如：You can have everything what you like. what=all that,所以這兒不能用what.

　　All---is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of life

　　A. what is the need

　　B. the things need

　　C. for our needs

　　D. that is need

　　2)what單獨使用，后面不加名詞。

　　例如：She is not what she used to be.

　　3)what 后面加名詞

　　例如：What money I have has been given to you.

　　1997年考題：______he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate

　　A. What little

　　B. So much

　　C. How much

　　D. So little

　　as

　　1. like

　　2. 作為

　　3. when

　　4. 引導定語從句。即可引導限制性定語從句，也可以引導非限制性定語從句。引導限制性定語從句一般式固定用法。如as…as, such…as

　　as引導非限制性定語從句

　　例如：I was a boy which you know. which可以用as替換。

　　As is so often pointed out knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.

　　as引導限制性定語從句

　　考試中往往考固定搭配。

　　例如：Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.

　　than 作為關系代詞可以引導定語從句

　　More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home ____ was common in the traditional family structure .

　　A.than B.that C.which D.as

　　特點：

　　1) than作為關系代詞引導詞在從句中一般必須做主語或者作賓語。

　　2) than 前面的主句必須要有比較級

　　3) 比較級所修飾的名詞就是than指代的對象

　　三、關系副詞

　　When引導的定語從句。

　　1)先行詞必須是表示時間的名詞。

　　Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.

　　2)如何區分when引導的定語從句和狀語從句。用句子表示狀語就是狀語從句。例如：When I go to school, I will work hard.

　　從兩方面區分：

　　When 引導的定語從句前一定有表示時間的名詞;When 引導的狀語語從句前沒有有表示時間的名詞。

　　從翻譯的角度看如果是引導的定語從句可以不翻譯。如果是狀語從句就必須翻譯成當……時候。

　　When=on which

　　Where

　　where=in which

　　where引導的從句先行詞必須是表示地點的名詞。例如：

　　I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.

　　先行詞表示地點,不一定用where來引導。例如：

　　I have never been to Beijing ,but it’s the place __.

　　A.where I’dlike to visit

　　B.in which I’d like to visit

　　C.I most want to visit

　　D.thar I want to visit it most