在職碩士英語復(fù)習(xí)：一致關(guān)系要點(diǎn)分析

一致關(guān)系包括主語與謂語，代詞與所指代的名詞必須在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面保持一致。

（一）主謂一致
主謂一致指的是謂語動(dòng)詞必須和主語保持一致，現(xiàn)將開始中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的幾種主謂一致情況歸納如下。
1．在名詞/代詞+介詞短語作主語中，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)不受這些短語的影響。
together with              along with               as well as               accompanied by
no less than                rather than              more than               as much as

She as well as the other students has learned how to install this electric equipment.她和其他同學(xué)一樣，也學(xué)會(huì)了如何安裝這種電器設(shè)備。
She, as much as her parents, was responsible for the matter.
The boy, more than anyone else, is fatter.
My license rather than my credit cards was lost.

2．在one+in/of/out of等引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般采用語法一致原則，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
One of the most interesting stories was told by a boy of eight.
One out of ten is certainly wrong.

3．在one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句中，常采用就近一致原則，除非one前有 the only/ exactly/ very等副詞。
She is one of the best students who have been praised.
He is the only one of the men who knows her.
4．由each… and…., every… and…, each… and…each…, every… and every…作主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
Every man and (every) woman in the village is a faithful supporter of the economic reform. 這個(gè)村的每一個(gè)男女村民都是經(jīng)濟(jì)改革的忠實(shí)支持者。

5．表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、金錢或計(jì)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)句子的意思是指總數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
Three pints isn’t enough for me to drink.
Four thousand pounds is a large sum. (Thousands of/millions of …. +   復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞)

6．a(chǎn) lot of (lots of), the majority of + 單數(shù)名詞，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
A lot of money has been saved up.
Lots of problems are caused by unemployment.
The majority of the damage is easier to repair.
The majority of people believe smoking is harmful to health.
7．a(chǎn) large quantity of + 單數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞
a large quantity of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞
但great/large/huge/quantities of + 不可數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞
Quantities of food were on the table.
There is only a small quantity of money left.

8．Many a … 或more than one + 單數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞(many a… and many a…; every… and every …; each …and each… + 單數(shù)動(dòng)詞)
There is more than one possible explanation.
Many a plant and many an animal has been divided.
During the Second World War, every man and every woman and every child in that village was killed by Japanese soldiers. 在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，這村子里的男女老少全被日本鬼子殺害了。
9．half of/rest of/plenty of + 單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，而后如為復(fù)數(shù)名詞則動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞形式。
Half of our work has been finished.
Half of the books are English novels.

10．a(chǎn) portion of, a series of, a flock of, a herd of, a school of等，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
A flock of sheep is on the hillside.
A portion of the manuscript is illegible. 這手稿的一部分不易辯讀。
There are plenty of natural resources waiting to be explored
11．某些集體名詞如：cattle, clergy, police, militia, poultry等后面的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
These cattle are from Holland.
The clergy are opposed to the plan.

12．English, Chinese, French等指語言時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)；指人民時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。
English is very difficult to learn.
The Chinese are very hospitable. 中國人十分好客。
13．在一些固定的習(xí)語中and具有with的意義，兩個(gè)名詞表示一個(gè)概念。其中，后面的名詞不用冠詞。在這種情況下，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
the bread brad and butter 奶油面包
cart and horse 車馬
a needle and threat 一根穿有線的針
a watch and chain 一只帶有鏈條的手表
water and salt 鹽開水
the wheel and axle 輪軸
ham and egg 火腿蛋

14．非謂語動(dòng)詞（不定式，動(dòng)名詞）、名詞從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
Seeing is believing.
What can be done has been done.
注意：在以what 引導(dǎo)的從句為主語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果主語補(bǔ)語是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞可采用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)；但當(dāng)what從句的主語補(bǔ)語和謂語動(dòng)詞均為復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
What appear to be large windows in the second story are glass heat collectors.
15．a(chǎn)udience, class, committee, company, crew, crowd, government, family, public, team, jury等名詞著重指整體謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；強(qiáng)調(diào)成員時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)。
The football team is playing well.
The football team are having baths.

16．machinery, poetry, scenery, population, jewelry, merchandize等謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
There is a large population in this country.
The machinery is driven by electricity.

（二）代詞一致

1．代詞一致是指句子中的代詞與相應(yīng)的限定詞在數(shù)、性、格等方面保持一致，或者與它相應(yīng)的名詞保持一致。
One must remember to remain very still when one/he /she attends a concert.
2．當(dāng)名稱的性無法確定時(shí)，陰性與陽性都可使用。
An average student with average intelligence can be a top student if he/she plans his/her time carefully.
中等智力水平的學(xué)生只要仔細(xì)安排他（她）的時(shí)間也能成為優(yōu)等生。
3．國家、船只等名詞常被看作陰性，因此可以用she, her代替。
China will resolutely and unansweringly carry out her current economic reform.
中國堅(jiān)定不移地進(jìn)行當(dāng)前的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革。

4．不定代詞作主語，代詞一般按語法一致原則，用單數(shù)。
each                     neither                      one              everyone                    everybody
no one                  anybody                   someone      somebody                  everything
anything                something                 nothing         either      every

4．在非正式文體或附加疑問句中，當(dāng)主語是everyone, somebody, nobody時(shí)，代詞用they. 也可用he.
Everyone knows what they have to do, don’t they?
No one was hurt, were they?
Everyone knows his job, doesn’t he?

但若用everything, anything, something, nothing 作主語時(shí), 在附加疑問句中，代詞通常用it.
Something should be done, shouldn’t it?
Nothing will be damaged during the vocation, won’t it?