語法部分要求考生掌握九大類基礎語法知識,并能在閱讀、寫作等過程中運用這些語法知識解決實際問題。這些要求看似復雜,其實只要考生在復習準備時認真學習有關的詞匯和語法知識,了解考題的特點,在做練習題時注意識別練習題中的考點,有針對性地復習考試大綱所涵蓋的相關知識,真正做到知已知彼,就能在考試中取得滿意的成績。
6 .主謂一致
( 1 )集體名詞做主語時,主語與謂語動詞的一致
如集體名詞在句中意指整體概念,謂語動詞用單數形式;如在句中意指其具體成員,謂語動詞用復數形式。這類集體名詞包括: army, audience, class, committee, crowd, crew, couple, family, group, staff, team, public, cabinet, band 等。例如:
The population of the earth is increasing very fast.
One third of the population here are farmers.
The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.
The public now know the whole story.
( 2 )學科名稱和疾病名稱做主語時,主語與謂語動詞的一致
某些學科名稱和疾病名稱雖詞尾加 s 的形式,但這些詞做主語時,謂語動詞仍用單數形式。這些詞包括: electronics (電子學), mechanics (力學), classics (古典文學), linguistics (語言學), economics (經濟學), statistics (統計學), physics (物理學), mathematics (數學)等。例如:
Electronics is a piece of cake to him.
Quantum mechanics (量子力學) supplies methods for calculating the results of experiments in all those realms .
( 3 )表示書名、報名、劇名、國名等的名詞或詞組做主語時,主語與謂語動詞的一致;表示書名、報名、劇名、國名等的名詞(或詞組)做主語時,如只指一種、一本或一個,不論它形式是單數還是復數,謂語動詞只用單數形式。例如:
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by the famous American humorist Mark Twain.
The New York Times is not available here,
The United States was founded in 1776.
( 4 )單復數同形的名詞做主語時,主語與謂語動詞的一致
單復數同形的名詞做主語時,要根據句子意思來確定謂語動詞的單復數形式,單復數同形的名詞包括: aircraft, deer, fish, sheep, means, species, series, works, crossroads, headquarters 等。例如:
Various means of transport are introduced in this article.
There are already l37 species of butterflies known in the world today.
( 5 )表示時間、距離、度量、價值的復數名詞做主語時,主語與謂語動詞的一致
這些復數名詞,如表示抽象概念,被視作一整體時,謂語動詞用單數形式;如表示具體的多少,強調復數意義時,謂語動詞用復數形式。例如:
Ten minutes is all that I can spare for you.
Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her.
The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours.
( 6 )由 with 、 as well as 等詞或詞組修飾的單數名詞做主語時,主語與謂語動詞的一致
如做主語的單數名詞后有下列詞或詞組修飾時,謂語動詞仍用單數形式: with, along with, together with, besides, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by, rather than, but 等。例如:
The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.
A scientist, together with some assistants, was sent to help solve that problem.
The boss, rather than his employees, is to blame.
( 7 ) and 連接的兩個名詞做主語時,主語與謂語動詞的一致
一般情況下, and 連接的兩個名詞做主語時,謂語動詞用復數形式。但有些情況下, and 連接的兩個名詞意指同一人物、同一事物、同一概念時,謂語動詞要用單數形式。
通常,如果兩個名詞只有一個限定詞或無限定詞修飾時,它們常常表示一個概念,如果兩個名詞分別有兩個限定詞修飾時,它們往往表示兩個不同的概念。另外,如果 and 連接的兩個單數名詞均有 each 、 every 、 many 、 a 、 no 等詞修飾時,謂語動詞用單數形式。例如:
War and peace is a constant theme in history.
The wear and tear on the machine is obvious.
The secretary and manager was present at the meeting.
Every hour and every minute is vital to me now.
Many a boy and many a girl has been to the exhibition.
( 8 )連詞 or 等連接兩個名詞(或代詞)做主語時,主語與謂語動詞的一致
連詞 or 、 either…or… 、 neither…nor… 、 not only…but also… 連接兩個名詞或代詞做主語時,謂語動詞必須和靠它較近的一個名詞或代詞取得一致,這就是就近一致原則。例如:
Either I or they are responsible for it.
Neither your unkind words nor your unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.
Not only he but also his family members are interested in football match.
( 9 ) none 本身做主語時或它修飾的名詞或代詞做主語時,如代表不可數名詞,謂語動詞用單數形式,如代表可數名詞,謂語動詞既可用單數形式也可用復數形式。
( 10 ) one and a half 后接的名詞應是復數形式,但謂語動詞用單數形式。例如:
One and a half years has passed.
( 11 ) more than one 后接單數可數名詞做主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式,但如果 more than one 本身做主語,謂語動詞則用復數形式。
( 12 ) either 、 neither 做主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。
( 13 ) one or two 后接復數名詞做主語時,謂語動詞用復數形式。
( 14 ) one of 后接復數名詞做主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。
( 15 )動詞不定式、動名詞短語、名詞性從句等做主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。例如:
Seeing is believing.
To hesitate means failure.
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