Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning mind-manifestation) because they seemed to radically alter one‘s state of consciousness.
59. Substances abuse (line 5, paragraph 1) is preferable to drug abuse in that ________.
(A) substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
(B) drug abuse is only related to a limited number of drugtakers
(C) alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
(D) many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
60. The word pervasive (line 1, paragraph 2) might mean ________.
(A) widespread (B) overwhelming (C) piercing (D) fashionable
61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.
(A) uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
(B) exclusive use of them for social purposes
(C) quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
(D) careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
62. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.
(A) stimulants function positively on the mind
(B) hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
(C) depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
(D) the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
答案及試題解析
59.（D）意為：除海洛因或可卡因外，許多其他物質也是有害的。
第一段最后一句指出，許多醫生（physician）和心理學家常使用物質濫用而不是藥物濫用這一概念，他們想以此說明：濫用像煙酒這樣的物質與濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。
A 意為：如果非法使用，物質可能改變我們身體或大腦的功能。第一段第一句對藥物這一概念下了一個定義：從專業角度來講，除食品以外，任何改變我們的身體或大腦功能的物質都是藥物。但是，正如第二句所指出的，許多人錯誤地認為藥物這一概念僅指某種醫藥或嗜毒者用的非法化學藥品。
B 意為：藥物濫用僅限指一少部分人的吸毒行為。
C 意為：煙酒同海洛因和可卡因一樣致命。這里，fatal（致命的）一詞太夸張了，與原文中所說的有害（harmfully）相去甚遠。
60.（A）該詞意為：普通的，廣泛的。
事實上，由第二段第一句的冒號后部分所表達的內容，我們可以推斷出該詞的意思。該句可譯為：在我們生活的社會里，醫用或社交用物質（藥物）廣泛存在，如：用阿斯匹林制止頭痛，用酒交際，早晨用咖啡振作一下精神，抽支煙定定神（或：松弛一下）。
B 意為：壓倒一切的，占主流的。
C 意為：尖銳的，尖的。
D 意為：時髦的，流行的。
61.（A）意為：長時間無節制地嗜用它們。
根據第二段第四、五句，頻繁使用（repeated use）某種物質（藥物）會使身體對之上癮或形成依賴。依賴起先表現為耐藥量（tolerance）的增加：要達到滿足，需要的劑量越來越多；停止服用后，一些不舒服的反應就會出現。可見，用藥量和用藥時間是造成藥物依賴的兩個重要因素。
B 意為：僅將它們用于社交目的。文章第二段第一句確實提到了像酒這樣的物質可以用于社交目的，但這不等于說只有用于社交目的的物質才可以使人上癮。
C 意為：將它們大量地用來治病。量大僅是可能產生藥物依賴的原因之一，而頻繁使用也是形成藥物依賴的重要條件。
D 意為：粗心使用它們而產生不良癥狀。
62.（B）意為：幻覺劑本身就危害健康。
根據第三段第四、五句，幻覺劑主要影響人的感知覺，以各種方式（包括產生幻覺）將它扭曲、改變。它們被稱作引起幻覺的藥物，因為它們似乎從根本上改變了人的意識狀態。
A 意為：興奮劑對心智有積極影響。第三段前三句指出，影響中樞神經系統、改變感知覺和行為的藥物屬于對神經起顯著作用的（psychoactive）物質，它們通常分為興奮劑、抑制劑或幻覺劑。興奮劑具有開始加快或激活中樞神經的作用，而抑制劑則具有減緩作用。但是，無論是哪種作用，其影響都是有害的。參閱第一段最后一句。
C 意為：抑制劑是對神經起顯著作用的物質中最壞的一種。第三段提到了三鐘影響人的意識與行為的物質（見上文），但并未指出哪種效果最壞。
D 意為：三種對神經起顯著作用的物質經常被一起使用。這一點第三段也未提到。
翻譯句子
1. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
[參考譯文] 我們生活在一種藥品（毒品）的醫學用途和社會用途都很廣泛的社會里：一片用來止頭疼的阿司匹林，一些用來社交的酒，早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡，一支用來定神的香煙。
[結構剖析] 句子的主干就是 We live in a society…，后面 which 引導定語從句 in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive，修飾 society。冒號后面的部分是并列關系的名詞詞組，用來舉例說明前面提出的觀點，開始時可以略去不看。
[閱讀重點] 注意冒號后面列舉的前三個名詞詞組中的動詞不定式都相當于定語成分，修飾前面的中心名詞，表示其功效。
2. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
[參考譯文] 對藥品的依賴性首先表現為不斷增長的耐藥量，要產生想得到的效果所需要的藥品劑量越來越大，然后表現為當停藥后，令人不快的停藥癥狀的出現。
[結構剖析] 句子的主干結構是 Dependence is marked first by…and then by…；逗號隔開的成分 with+n.+過去分詞：with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect 作狀語，用來進一步解釋藥物依賴的第一種表現。when the substance is discontinued 是表示時間的狀語從句。
[閱讀重點] 注意 and 連接兩個 by 開始的介詞詞組是并列關系，這樣就能抓住句子的主干了。另外注意名詞在這里的特殊意義：dependence 指對藥物的依賴，withdrawal 的意思是停止用藥。
補充難句翻譯
1. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
[參考譯文] 藥品濫用這個詞經常被用來代替毒品濫用，其目的是為了表明酒精和煙草這樣的物質是可能像海洛因和可卡因那樣被誤用的。
[結構剖析] 句子的主干是句子的前半部分 The phrase substance abuse is often used…to make clear…；to make clear that…是動詞不定式作狀語，表示目的。that 后面接的是賓語從句作動詞 make clear 的賓語。
[閱讀重點] 注意 make+sth.+adj.：make sth. clear，這里因為 sth. 是一個 that 引導的從句，所以放在了形容詞 clear 的后面。另外注意 as…as 的用法。
2、Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.
[參考譯文] 精神刺激性藥品通常按照他們是否是興奮劑，鎮靜劑或致幻劑來劃分。
[結構剖析] 這是一個簡單句。句子的主干部分是 Psychoactive substances are…grouped according to…，使用了被動語態。其中 whether 引導賓語從句 whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens 作介詞 according to 的賓語。
[閱讀重點] group 這里用作動詞，是分類的意思。
語言點詳解
1. alter 改變
[大綱詞匯] alter v. 改變，變更 alteration n. 改變，變更
[經典例句] The outstanding performance of the troupe altered their attitude.
2. mental functioning 心理功能
3. drug addict 吸毒者
[擴充詞匯] addict n. 入迷的人，上癮的人； v. 使沉溺，使人迷，使上癮
4. alcohol 酒精
[大綱詞匯] alcohol n. 酒精，乙醇；含酒精的飲料
[衍生詞匯] alcoholic n.酒鬼；a.酒精的
[經典例句] His mother told him to keep off alcohol.
5. illegal 非法的
[大綱詞匯] illegal a.不合法的，非法的
[經典例句] The state forbids illegal possession of firearms.
6. neutral 中性的
[大綱詞匯] neutral a.中立的；中性的，中和的
[經典例句] He tried to keep neutral in the conflicts between his friends.
7. psychologist 心理學家
[大綱詞匯] psychology n. 心理學
[衍生詞匯] psychologist n.心理學家
8. phrase 詞
[大綱詞匯] phrase n.短語，詞語，習語
[經典例句] This phrase was used wrongly in the sentence.
9. abuse 濫用
[大綱詞匯] abuse v./n.濫用；虐待；漫罵
[經典例句] Drug abuse has become a serious social problem nowadays.
10. instead of 代替
[大綱詞匯] instead ad.代替，頂替 instead of 代替，而不是；不是…（而是）
[經典例句] Her brought two assistants with her instead of one.
11. misuse 濫用
[擴充詞匯] misuse v. 錯用，誤用，濫用
[構詞方法] mis-后綴，表示不當，錯，誤
[聯想記憶] misunderstand v.誤解 miscalculate v.誤算
[經典例句] You should not misuse his kindness and take his advantage.
12. heroin 海洛因
[大綱詞匯] heroin n.海洛因
13. cocaine 可卡因
14. pervasive 普遍的
[擴充詞匯] pervasive a.到處彌漫的；普遍的，流行的
[經典例句] Pollution is one of the most pervasive problems today.
15. aspirin 阿斯匹林
16. sociable 善于交際的
[擴充詞匯] sociable a.好交際的，合群的；社交的
[經典例句] Although she is nice to everyone, she is not a sociable person.
17. get going 開始工作
[擴充詞匯] get going 開始，開始談話（或工作等）
[經典例句] He suggested we get going with our work.
18. constructive 有建設性的
[大綱詞匯] construct v.建設，建造，構造；創立
[衍生詞匯] constructive a.建設性的，有積極意義的
[經典例句] The company gave constructive response to their criticism.
19. first of all 首先
[經典例句] First of all, your reaction should be justified.
20. in excess 過量
[大綱詞匯] excess a.過量的，額外的；n.過量，過剩 in excess of 超過
[經典例句] The materials you keep in excess will cost you too much money.
21. negative effects 負面影響
[大綱詞匯] negative a.否定的，消極的，反面的，負的，陰性的；n.負數；（攝影）底片
22. perceptual 感覺的
[擴充詞匯] perceptual a. 感知的，感覺的；感性的 perceptual response 知覺反應perceptual knowledge 感性知識
23. physical addiction 身體上癮
[擴充詞匯] addiction n.人迷，嗜好；癮 heroin addiction海洛因癮
24. withdrawal symptoms 脫癮的不舒服癥狀
[大綱詞匯] withdraw v.收回，撤消；縮回，退出；提取（錢）symptom n. 癥狀，征候，征兆
[衍生詞匯] withdrawal n.收回，取回，撤回；戒毒（脫癮）的過程
25. discontinue 停止
[擴充詞匯] discontinue v.停止，中斷，終止
[經典例句] We have to discontinue the projects because of a lack of fund.
26. nervous system 神經系統
[大綱詞匯] nerve n.神經；勇氣，膽量 nervous a.神經的；神經過敏的，緊張不安的
27. perception 感知
[大綱詞匯] perceive v.察覺，感知；理解，領悟
[衍生詞匯] perception n.察覺，感覺，感知；認識，看法
[經典例句] His perception of the change came in a flash.
28. peychoactive 作用于精神的，影響（或改變）心理狀態的
[構詞方法] psycho-前綴，表示精神：心理
[聯想記憶] psychoanalysis n. 精神分析 psychobiology n.精神生物學
29. stimulant 興奮劑
[擴充詞匯] stimulant n.引起興奮的食品（或飲料等）；興奮劑；刺激物，影響力
[經典例句] Coffee and tea are stimulants.
30. depressant 鎮靜劑
[大綱詞匯] depress v.壓抑，降低；使沮喪，壓下
[衍生詞匯] depressant n.鎮靜劑
31. hallucinogen 幻覺劑
32. speed up 使加速
[大綱詞匯] speed up 使加速
[經典例句] You have to speed up your rate of work.
33. activate 啟動
[大綱詞匯] activate v.使活動，啟動
[經典例句] He ordered the workers to activate the engine.
34. slow down 降低（速度）
[大綱詞匯] slow down（使）放慢，減速
[經典例句] She asked her son to slow down the car because she felt dizzy.
35. primary effect 最初的作用
36. hallucination 幻覺
[擴充詞匯] hallucination n.幻覺；妄想
[經典例句] He was undergoing some perceptive hallucination.
37. psychedelic 迷幻藥的
[擴充詞匯] psychedelic a.迷幻藥的；引起幻覺的 a psychedelic indulgence 迷幻沉灑psychedelic art 迷幻藝
35. mind manifesting 顯示內心想法的
[大綱詞匯] manifest v.表明，證明，顯示；a.明白的，明了的
[聯想記憶] mind-altering a.麻痹神經的
39. radically 極度地
[大綱詞匯] radical a. 基本的，重要的；激進的，極端的；根本的
[經典例句] Attitudes towards education will have to change radically.
40. fatal 致命的
[大綱詞匯] fatal a. 致命的，毀滅性的
[經典例句] He collapsed at the fatal blow on his head.
41. piercing 刺穿的
[大綱詞匯] pierce v刺破，刺穿
[經典例句] They pursued their way in the piercing coldness.
全文翻譯
從專業角度說，除食品外，任何能改變我們生理和心理機能的物質都是藥物。很多人錯誤地認為藥物這個詞僅僅指某些藥品或是吸毒者服用的違禁化學品。他們沒有意識到諸如酒精、煙草這些我們熟悉的物質也是藥物。這也是現在許多內科醫生和心理學家使用物質這個更加中性的詞的原因。他們常用物質濫用而不用藥物濫用來清楚表明濫用酒精、煙草這樣的物質如同濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。
我們生活在一個物質（藥物）在醫療和社交方面的使用都很廣泛的社會里：用來緩解頭痛的阿斯匹林，用來應酬的酒，早晨用來提神的咖啡，還有定神用的香煙。使用這些物質得到了社會認可，且顯然具有積極的作用，但什么時候就變成濫用了呢？首先，大多數物質的過量使用都會產生負面影響，如中毒或嚴重的感知錯亂。反復使用一種物質可以導致成癮或對該物質的依賴。依賴的最初表現是不斷增長的耐藥量，要產生預期的效果需要的藥劑量越來越大，而一旦中斷使用就會出現難受的停藥癥狀。
影響中樞神經系統、改變感知覺和行為的藥物（物質）屬于對神經起顯著作用的物質，它們通常分為興奮劑、鎮靜劑和幻覺劑。興奮劑主要起到加速或激活中樞神經系統的作用，而鎮靜劑則相反：減緩它的活動。幻覺劑主要影響人的感知，通過多種方式對感知加以扭曲或改變，其中包括產生幻覺。這些物質常被認為能引起幻覺（psychedelic一詞源于希臘語，意為心靈顯現），因為它們似乎能改變人的意識狀態。
