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　　信用證與合同（Credits v. Contracts）

　　a. A credit by its nature is a separate transaction from the sale or other contract on which it may be based. Banks are in no way concerned with or bound by such contract， even if any reference whatsoever to it is included in the credit. Consequently， the undertaking of a bank to honour， to negotiate or to fulfil any other obligation under the credit is not subject to claims or defences by the applicant resulting from its relationships with the issuing bank or the beneficiary.

　　A beneficiary can in no case avail itself of the contractual relationships existing between banks or between the applicant and the issuing bank.

　　a. 就性質而言，信用證與可能作為其依據的銷售合同或其它合同，是相互獨立的交易。即使信用證中提及該合同，銀行亦與該合同完全無關，且不受其約束。因此，一家銀行作出兌付、議付或履行信用證項下其它義務的承諾，并不受申請人與開證行之間或與受益人之間在已有關系下產生的索償或抗辯的制約。

　　受益人在任何情況下，不得利用銀行之間或申請人與開證行之間的契約關系。

　　b. An issuing bank should discourage any attempt by the applicant to include， as an integral part of the credit， copies of the underlying contract， proforma invoice and the like.

　　b. 開證行應勸阻申請人將基礎合同、形式發票或其它類似文件的副本作為信用證整體組成部分的作法。