四級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義
一：時(shí)態(tài)：所謂的"時(shí)態(tài)"，就是時(shí)間+狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)見(jiàn)下表：
1．主動(dòng)形式
過(guò)去 現(xiàn)在 將來(lái) 過(guò)去將來(lái)
一般 did do will/shall do should/would do
進(jìn)行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing /
完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣
完成進(jìn)行 had been doing have/has been doing / /
2．被動(dòng)形式
過(guò)去 現(xiàn)在 將來(lái) 過(guò)去將來(lái)
一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given
進(jìn)行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / /
完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given
完成進(jìn)行 / / /
v CET-4 常考的三種時(shí)態(tài)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)；將來(lái)完成時(shí)；（現(xiàn)在/過(guò)去）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
v 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中的時(shí)態(tài)：
一般過(guò)去時(shí) 所有的過(guò)去
用 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示 現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成和將來(lái)完成
一．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
一．不定式：
一）不定式的常考形式：
1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.
被動(dòng)形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.
語(yǔ)法功能： 表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生
2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.
被動(dòng)形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
語(yǔ)法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前
二）不定式常考的考點(diǎn)：
1）不定式做定語(yǔ)----將要發(fā)生
2）不定式做狀語(yǔ)----目的
3）不定式充當(dāng)名詞功能---To see is to believe.
三)不定式的省略
1)感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel
+ do 表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；
+ doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見(jiàn)了"這個(gè)事實(shí))
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.
昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見(jiàn)他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作）
v 感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動(dòng)以后要還原to
I ‘d like to have John do it.
I have my package weighed.
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.
3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do
四)有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如：
want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do
force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do
be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do
五) 有的時(shí)候to后面要接-ing形式
accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.
三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被動(dòng)的意思。其中，want不太常用。
He needs (a lot of) encouraging.
二. 動(dòng)名詞： 具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞
1)是名詞 seeing is believing
2)具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語(yǔ) starving troops is necessary.
一)動(dòng)名詞的形式:
一般形式：I don't like you smoking.
完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.
被動(dòng)形式：This question is far from being settled.
二) 動(dòng)名詞常考的點(diǎn)
1)動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)
2)在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞
3)動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過(guò)代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語(yǔ).
I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也對(duì)）
I regret not having taken your advice.
4)有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞
admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說(shuō)法：
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...
5有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可
remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。
I remembered to post the letters. (指未來(lái)/過(guò)去未來(lái)的動(dòng)作)
I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作)
forgot與remember的用法類(lèi)似。
I regret to inform you that… 我很遺憾地通知你…
I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 為了"二十年前的離開(kāi)"而遺憾。
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.
try –ing 試驗(yàn) Try practicing five hours a day.
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父親不讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味著]贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買(mǎi)力。
prefer的用法：
我寧愿在這里等。
I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的話(huà)，我就等下去。）
I prefer waiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）
I prefer swimming to cycling. （這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。）
3 分詞：
現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行,過(guò)去分詞被動(dòng)狀態(tài)
現(xiàn)在分詞的形式:
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生)
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前)
3)完成被動(dòng)形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng))
過(guò)去分詞
1) 過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)：Fight no battle unprepared.
2)過(guò)去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被做)
這三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。他們之間的一致關(guān)系——主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的關(guān)系。
二：虛擬三：虛擬語(yǔ)氣
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的可能性程度：must/can't à should/shouldn't à might/may (not)
另外兩個(gè)"類(lèi)情態(tài)詞的形式："need/needn't; have to/don't have to
v 最自然的虛擬狀態(tài)：由should/would+原型時(shí)態(tài)（不含時(shí)間只含狀態(tài)）
本質(zhì)上是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：即，時(shí)間固定在過(guò)去將來(lái)，狀態(tài)不同：一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行。
這時(shí)"虛擬語(yǔ)氣"的產(chǎn)生往往是因?yàn)槲覀円磉_(dá)"本來(lái)應(yīng)該……"（而現(xiàn)在卻還沒(méi)有……）
（本來(lái)可以……，本來(lái)能……）
I should go! (… but I'm still here!) (一般)
I should be working now! (進(jìn)行)
I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成)
我應(yīng)該多多練習(xí)！（言下之意，現(xiàn)在我練習(xí)得不多。）
I shouldn't dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)
(actually I did dream away my time too much!)
It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成進(jìn)行)
I may/might/could have finished! (完成)
一些常見(jiàn)的句型中，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而處于從句之中，should 常常被省略掉
o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;
o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;
o require, request;
o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.
由于他們的含義中包含"建議，假設(shè)，應(yīng)該"這類(lèi)的含義，所以，由他們引起的從句中，就會(huì)包含有should+原型時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
這些動(dòng)詞（以及他們的名次形式，分詞形式）引起的從句還有其他的變形：
主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句
It's suggested that…
My suggestion is that…
The only suggestion that...
The only suggestion I can give you now is that…
一些形容詞引起的表語(yǔ)從句中，也會(huì)有同樣的情況
important; necessary; essential
It's natural ; strange; incredible that
a pity; a shame; no wonder
Ø 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用should
v 表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反
1. 與現(xiàn)在相反：使用[過(guò)去時(shí)]：
I wish I were not here! (一般現(xiàn)在à一般過(guò)去)
Suppose we were not here.
He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般現(xiàn)在à一般過(guò)去)
Hope I weren't always losing things! (現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行à過(guò)去進(jìn)行)
If only/If I hadn't been there! (現(xiàn)在完成à過(guò)去完成)
What if I hadn't been waiting right here! (現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行à過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行)
常考句型：It's (high) time (that)…; would rather (that)…
這兩個(gè)從句，只能表達(dá)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的看法，所以，從句中只有一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
2. 與過(guò)去相反：過(guò)去完成時(shí)；
How nice it is if I had past the test!
How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!
3. 與將來(lái)相反？將來(lái)的事情沒(méi)有發(fā)生，所以只能推測(cè)。
If it rains tomorrow, we'll have to stay one day more.
不過(guò)，由于可以用be to表示將來(lái)；所以，虛擬語(yǔ)氣中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)were to；也是CET-4的常考語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。
v 虛擬條件句
o if 部分，做一個(gè)與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)（所以只有一般過(guò)去和過(guò)去完成）；
o 主句部分，這是表示基于這個(gè)假設(shè)的推測(cè)，一般使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would，少數(shù)情況下使用could/might/may。
o 注意：兩個(gè)部分之間，是有邏輯關(guān)系，而在兩部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上，沒(méi)有必然的聯(lián)系。
v 注意，虛擬條件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，產(chǎn)生倒裝。
v 隱含的非真實(shí)條件
What would you do with 50 thousand dollar?
How could I be happy without you?
除了條件狀語(yǔ)從句之外，原因狀語(yǔ)從句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
o 由in order that, so that引起的從句，肯定的時(shí)候可以使用may/might; can/could; 否定的時(shí)候，多用shouldn't;
o whoever, whatever, no matter what引起的從句中，多用may+
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別
最近幾年
高考試題中常常借助語(yǔ)境來(lái)考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別，因此在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)確理解和掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法十分重要。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法復(fù)雜多變，在
高考試題中，命題者常常利用語(yǔ)境和句子之間意義上的細(xì)微差別來(lái)考查學(xué)生對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的理解和掌握。對(duì)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，除了要求考生能夠準(zhǔn)確掌握它們的基本用法外，還要充分利用
高考試題所設(shè)置的語(yǔ)境來(lái)分析句子之間所體現(xiàn)的特殊關(guān)系。下面就近幾年來(lái)
高考試題中出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納分析，以便同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)掌握。
一、用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have ＋done”結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的推測(cè)，
高考試題中常用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)給以暗示。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的這一用法可以用 “對(duì)立統(tǒng)一”來(lái)概括。
1．當(dāng)試題的前句和后句在動(dòng)作和意義上相互補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，且整個(gè)句意在動(dòng)作和時(shí)間上是一個(gè)整體時(shí)，我們可用“統(tǒng)一”關(guān)系來(lái)解決這樣的試題。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：
must have done：
表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的肯定推測(cè)，常譯作“一定做了……”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為can’t／couldn’t have done
疑問(wèn)式為Can／Could...have done﹖。
could ／might have done：表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的可能性推測(cè)，常譯作“可能做了……”。如：
1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he
＿＿＿＿＿ your lecture．
A． couldn’t have attended
B． needn’t have attended
C． mustn’t have attended
D． shouldn’t have attended
本題選A。
2) Jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me．
A． mustn’t have arrived
B． shouldn’t have arrived
C． can’t have arrived
D． need not have arrived （C）
2．當(dāng)試題的前后句在動(dòng)作和意義上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，常借助“but, however, instead”等詞來(lái)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作與客觀事實(shí)不符，這時(shí)我們就可以用“對(duì)立”關(guān)系來(lái)解決這樣的試題。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)的有：
should have done ／ ought to have done：表示過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做。
should not have done ／ ought not to have done：表示過(guò)去本不應(yīng)該做某事但事實(shí)上卻做了。
need have done：表示過(guò)去本來(lái)有必要去做某事，但事實(shí)上沒(méi)有做。
need not have done：表示過(guò)去本來(lái)沒(méi)有必要做某事，但事實(shí)上卻做了。如：
3) I was really anxious about you． You ＿＿＿＿＿ home without a word．
(NMET2001)
A． mustn’t leave B． shouldn’t have left
C． couldn’t have left D． needn’t leave
“本不應(yīng)該離家出走卻走了”，故本題選B。
4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ＿＿＿＿＿ for her．
(NMET’94)
A． had to write it out
B． must have written it out
C． should have written it out
D． ought to write it out
由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對(duì)立關(guān)系，分析題意可知本題應(yīng)選C。
二、考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法之間的比較和辨析。最近幾年
高考試題中常借助具體的語(yǔ)境來(lái)考查考生對(duì)那些最常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做這樣的試題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析語(yǔ)境中所含的實(shí)際意義，并結(jié)合情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本含義和用法做出正確的選擇。
5) —Is John coming by train﹖
—He should, but he ＿＿＿＿＿＿ not． He likes driving his car．
A． must B． can C． need D． may
mustn’t 表示“禁止、不準(zhǔn)”；cannot 表示“不可能”；need not 表示“不必要”；may not
表示“可能不”。分析語(yǔ)境可知本題應(yīng)選D。
6) —I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins． ＿＿＿＿＿＿ I have a look﹖
—Yes, certainly．
A． Do B． May C． Shall D． Should
分析語(yǔ)境可知這是在征求對(duì)方的許可，may表示“允許、可以”，語(yǔ)氣比較委婉 shall常用于第一、三人稱(chēng)作主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句中,表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)和指示，如果此空用shall，則意為“要（我）看一下嗎？”，不符合上下文意思。故本題選B。
7) Mr Bush is on time for everything． How ＿＿＿＿ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony﹖
A． can B． should C． may D． must
must be 表示肯定的猜測(cè)，只能用于肯定句中，由題意可知本題應(yīng)選A。
8) —Are you coming to Jeff’s party﹖
—I’m not sure． I ＿＿＿＿ go to the concert instead．
A． must B． would C． should D． might
由題意和下句中的 “I’m not sure”
可知這段對(duì)話(huà)中存在一種可能性推測(cè)，might可以用來(lái)表示一種比較委婉的可能性判斷，故本題選D。又如： I should have been there, but I ＿＿＿＿＿ not find the time．
A． would B． could C． might D． should
分析題意可知第二個(gè)分句表示過(guò)去的某種能力；C 項(xiàng)只表示語(yǔ)氣上的可能性，與題意不符。故本題選B。
9) Johnny, you ＿＿＿＿ play with the knife, you ＿＿＿＿ hurt yourself．
A． won’t; can’t B． mustn’t; may
C． shouldn’t; must D． can’t; shouldn’t
mustn’t 表示“不可以；禁止”，分析題意可知第二個(gè)空表示某種可能性，故本題選B。
10) —Will you stay for lunch﹖
—Sorry, ＿＿＿＿＿＿． My brother is coming to see me．
A． I mustn’t B． I can’t
C． I needn’t D． I won’t
分析題意可知因?yàn)椤拔业艿芤獊?lái)看我”，所以“不能留下”，因此對(duì)別人的邀請(qǐng)或要求應(yīng)給予禮貌的拒絕。A 項(xiàng)表示“禁止”；C項(xiàng)表示“不必要”；而D項(xiàng)表示“不會(huì)”，均不符合題意。故本題選B。又如：
—Could I borrow your dictionary﹖
—Yes, of course you ＿＿＿＿＿．
A． might B． will C． can D． should (C)
11)—When can I come for the photos﹖ I need them tomorrow afternoon．
—They ＿＿＿＿＿ be ready by 1200．
A． can B． should C． might D． need
該題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should的基本含義，分析句意可知本題應(yīng)選B。又如：
12) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ＿＿＿＿ get out．(
A． had to B． would C． could D． was able to
該題考查了could和be able to的區(qū)別，二者都可表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的能力，但如果表示過(guò)去成功地做了某事只能使用was ／ were able to do，故本題選D。
13) —Shall I tell John about it ﹖
—No, you ＿＿＿＿＿． I’ve told him already．
A． needn’t B． wouldn’t C． mustn’t D． shouldn’t
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall在試題中表示征詢(xún)對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示。答句暗示 “沒(méi)有必要了”，故本題選A
三、一致關(guān)系
一)主謂一致
1． 主謂一致（與插入語(yǔ)無(wú)關(guān)）
1主謂的分隔原則：主謂之間可以用定語(yǔ)從句或者省略的定語(yǔ)從句分隔。
2定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致：
3隨前一致：
n. + together with n2
as well as
including
along with
with / of
accompanied with / by
4就近原則：n1 or n2 +v（就近原則）
either n1 or n2
5可數(shù)n1 and 可數(shù)n2+v(pl)
不可數(shù)n1 and 不可數(shù)n2+v(pl)
例外：war and peace is… war and peace是一個(gè)整體
但是如果主語(yǔ)表示的是同一個(gè)概念，同一人，同一事的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特征是and連接的兩個(gè)詞只有一個(gè)冠詞。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.
The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.
The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.
類(lèi)似的還有：law and order bread and
butter black and white
To love and to be loved is …
A lawyer and a teacher are…
A lawyer and teacher is …
6隨后原則：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(與B一致)
7百分比結(jié)構(gòu)：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent
of+n1+v.（由n1決定）
8倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致：
a）There be +n 由名詞決定動(dòng)詞
b）Among , between等介詞位于句首引起倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：
Among / Between …+系動(dòng)詞+n. （由名詞決定動(dòng)詞）
9The+adj的主謂一致：
a）當(dāng)表示“一類(lèi)人”，
b）當(dāng)表示某一抽象概念時(shí)
The good is always attractive.
10 To do/doing/主從+vs
*More than one+n
many a +n.
a day or two
二)、倒裝
1 全部倒裝
是只將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：Up went the plane = the plane went up.
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。
2) 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞(back, down, off, up)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。
注意：1) 上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞則不能倒裝。Here he comes. Away they went. 2) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be的時(shí)候，不能倒裝。 Here it is. Here you are.
3） 形容詞短語(yǔ)/分詞短語(yǔ)位于句首，引起倒裝
*typical of characteristic of
*coinciding with + n
4） 表示地點(diǎn)范圍的介詞短語(yǔ)位于句首，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞，一定引起倒裝
In…（表語(yǔ)）+系動(dòng)詞+主，主同。
*在倒裝句型答案中不能出現(xiàn)there
*常考介詞要倒裝：among between in at beneath
常考的系動(dòng)詞：be lie exist remain rest
部分倒裝
1． 否定 adv 位于句首，引起倒裝：not only, not until, hardly, scarcely,
seldom, rarely, no sooner…than
1） not until + 時(shí)間 + 主謂倒裝，not until + 句子+主謂倒裝
2） only+狀語(yǔ)位于句首
only +ad. eg: recently
prep.短短語(yǔ) eg: in recently years
從句 eg: when clause
only一個(gè)詞本身不倒裝
3） 在比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中，than后面可以倒裝，也可以不倒裝。
部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。
Ø 1) Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，產(chǎn)生倒裝，一般主動(dòng)詞提前，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他部分就
4) as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前 （形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。
as〔讓步〕雖然，盡管〔詞序倒裝。語(yǔ)氣比 though 強(qiáng)〕。
Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他雖成功，卻不驕傲。
Women as she is, she's every brave.
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意：A) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。B) 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ), 隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。
5) 其他部分倒裝
a) so… that 句型中的so; such… that句型中的such位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
b) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.
c) 在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。Were I you, I would try it again.
四、復(fù)合句
從句可分為：
Ø 名詞性從句à 主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句
Ø 形容詞性從句à定語(yǔ)從句
Ø 副詞性從句à狀語(yǔ)從句
v 常考的關(guān)系代詞：that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。
v 常見(jiàn)的同位語(yǔ)從句現(xiàn)行詞（that之前的抽象名詞）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding…
v 常用的引導(dǎo)詞
o 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner… than; hardly… when; scarcely/barely… when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doing…
o 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：where; wherever
o 原因狀語(yǔ)從句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact that…
o 方式狀語(yǔ)從句：as; as if; as though; how; save that…
o 比較狀語(yǔ)從句：as; than; as… as; not so… as; hardly… than;
o 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：so that; so… that; such… that; so as to…
o 條件狀語(yǔ)從句：if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that…; giving that….
o 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact that…
o 目的狀語(yǔ)從句：that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case…
定語(yǔ)從句:
which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)
1）which是關(guān)系代詞，which后面應(yīng)該加缺主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的句子，
在這個(gè)句子中，which要作成分，作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)
2）in which+完整的句子
which在定語(yǔ)從句中作in的賓語(yǔ)，所以不能作后面句子的主語(yǔ)
3）名詞+of which+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
of which來(lái)修飾名詞，名詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，所以后面直接跟謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary.
4）介詞+ which +to do 其功能相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句。
The key with which to open the door is lost.
5）定語(yǔ)從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu)：
1． 如果that / which在定從中作 賓語(yǔ)，可以省略.
sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt
→s+vt+n+s+v
s+vt+n1+n2+vt
*當(dāng)做題時(shí)，若發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)名詞在一起，但是似乎連不上，則一定省略that /
which，則動(dòng)詞為vt，做謂語(yǔ)。
6）定從的特殊省略
the way (in which) + 句子
the reason (why that)+句子 均為完整句
the time (that / when)+句子
I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.
By the time省that+句子，句子。
7）定從的主系省略（主+系可同時(shí)省）
即：which be , who be , that be可同時(shí)省
狀語(yǔ)從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)
這種省略從句主語(yǔ)的方式理論上需要滿(mǎn)足以下兩個(gè)條件：
第一、特定的狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞：although though even though when while if as
第二、從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)必須保持一致；
第三、從句的謂語(yǔ)必須是be動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞同進(jìn)同出，
