國(guó)際學(xué)校考試應(yīng)該怎樣提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力？

　　國(guó)際學(xué)校的學(xué)生們參加考試的時(shí)候，每當(dāng)基礎(chǔ)不錯(cuò)的考生寫作考了低分，都可以觀察得出一個(gè)共同的現(xiàn)象：文章缺乏邏輯性。中國(guó)考生在寫雅思和托福作文時(shí)最難掌握以及最難提升的部分無(wú)疑是論證思路部分。雅思作文的論證更加簡(jiǎn)潔精練，托福作文的論證會(huì)更加詳細(xì)。

　　那么何為論證?論證，就是對(duì)每個(gè)中心句展開的拓展手法，也叫做支持句，無(wú)疑是寫作中很重要的一部分，既體現(xiàn)了考生的邏輯思維能力，也是整篇文章語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用最充分的體現(xiàn)。寫作的論證方法有很多，最常用的有擴(kuò)展主題句(講道理)、假設(shè)論證、因果論證、舉例論證、對(duì)比論證和列數(shù)據(jù)。

　　對(duì)比論證是在無(wú)話可說(shuō)時(shí)的救命稻草。特別是要對(duì)兩件事物進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們都可以用對(duì)比論證來(lái)進(jìn)行展開，比較有說(shuō)服力。對(duì)比論證通常分為兩種：一是具體情況的正反對(duì)比，二是過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在的對(duì)比。根據(jù)不同的文章特點(diǎn)，可以將對(duì)比論證進(jìn)行有效應(yīng)用。

　　1.具體情況正反對(duì)比：

　　具體情況正反對(duì)比也就是拿兩個(gè)事物進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析，或者將一個(gè)事物的正反面進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。通過(guò)觀察雅思寫作的出題特點(diǎn)，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)有兩種題型比較適合用對(duì)比論證。一種是雙邊討論型，discuss both views, 這種出題方式通常題目里面會(huì)出現(xiàn)兩方的觀點(diǎn)，可以對(duì)兩方觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行兩邊的對(duì)比分析。第二種題型是題目給出兩個(gè)對(duì)象或者兩邊的觀點(diǎn)讓考生進(jìn)行選擇時(shí)，考生選擇了一方觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析，也可以將另一方用來(lái)做對(duì)比論證。當(dāng)然，這只是對(duì)比論證比較常用的兩種情況，本質(zhì)上，對(duì)比論證適用范圍還是非常廣泛的。

　　對(duì)比論證常用連接詞：

　　A…,while/whereas B…

　　While/whereas A…,B…

　　A…By/In contrast,B…

　　常用句式：

　　…,which is in stark/sharp/striking contrast with the fact that…

　　…,這和以下事實(shí)形成鮮明對(duì)比。

　　烤鴨們需注意，在使用對(duì)比論證時(shí)，正反面的表達(dá)要盡量避免重復(fù)性。比如下面的例句很好地應(yīng)用了adjust to這個(gè)詞組，所以反面論述時(shí)沒(méi)有重復(fù)說(shuō)cannot adjust to, 而是換成了be unlikely to refocus attention on這個(gè)表達(dá)。如果覺(jué)得轉(zhuǎn)換起來(lái)比較有難度，也可以用compared with這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，這樣的話就可以直接寫出一方具體比較的內(nèi)容，不需要兩邊轉(zhuǎn)換正反都詳細(xì)分析。

　　Students who go to university immediately after graduation can better adjust themselves to the academic life, whereas/while those who take a gap year off are very unlikely to refocus their attention on study.

　　下面我們可以通過(guò)一些考題來(lái)深入了解對(duì)比論證的應(yīng)用，比較經(jīng)典的對(duì)比論證就出現(xiàn)在了大家所熟悉的劍橋雅思5的gap year范文中。

　　Topic 1: In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people to do this.

　　首先，我們分析一下這篇文章的審題思路。文章的對(duì)象是高中畢業(yè)生，兩邊的對(duì)立面是高中畢業(yè)后直接上大學(xué)和高中畢業(yè)后工作或者旅游一年再去上大學(xué)。從題目關(guān)鍵詞切入，優(yōu)點(diǎn)分析可以從很多方法進(jìn)行分類討論。比如可以從工作一年的優(yōu)點(diǎn)與旅游一年的優(yōu)點(diǎn)分析，可以與直接上大學(xué)的學(xué)生對(duì)比，經(jīng)歷gap year一年的學(xué)生的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。可以從學(xué)生的不同情況，窮學(xué)生與富學(xué)生體驗(yàn)一年gap year的好處分析等等，思路非常多。同理，論述缺點(diǎn)的時(shí)候也是一樣的思維方式。

　　The reasons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to other places, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. They tend to be more independent, which is very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life.

　　本題的出題特點(diǎn)是分析gap year的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，在開始我們就提過(guò)，在兩邊對(duì)立面以及優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)分析時(shí)，對(duì)比論證一直是一種比較常用的論證方法。但是在用對(duì)比論證之前，要明確文章正反對(duì)比的對(duì)象，本題中很明顯是拿直接上大學(xué)的學(xué)生和gap year的學(xué)生進(jìn)行對(duì)比。將直接上大學(xué)的學(xué)生對(duì)知識(shí)與經(jīng)驗(yàn)的缺乏與工作或旅游一年可以開闊眼界、積累人脈進(jìn)行對(duì)比論證。然后用了結(jié)果論證，論述了這樣的好處，對(duì)未來(lái)的幫助來(lái)收尾。所以，將對(duì)比論證與結(jié)果論證結(jié)合也是一種有效的思路。

　　Topic 2: Companies should encourage old employees (55 year old) to retire, in order to give opportunities to the new generation. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

　　The main reason for the trend is that firms need more fresh employees. Compared to older generation, the new has got more advanced technology and the energy to exploit in many ways, as well as having learnt a great amount of academic knowledge in university or college. It is more useful in terms of the development of companies in the future.

　　本題考的是老人是否應(yīng)該退休給年輕人更多機(jī)會(huì)，學(xué)生選取的角度是同意退休。本題的出題特點(diǎn)就是題目出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)比較對(duì)象，讓考生進(jìn)行選擇，很明顯，對(duì)比論證可以很好地進(jìn)行應(yīng)用。學(xué)生選的論點(diǎn)一是：年輕人可以給公司注入新鮮的血液。可以正反對(duì)比分析，年輕人的優(yōu)勢(shì)：知識(shí)比較先進(jìn)，更能掌握最新科技。然而老人已經(jīng)落伍了，跟不上時(shí)代的發(fā)展了。當(dāng)然了，對(duì)于正反描述替換有難度的考生來(lái)說(shuō)，用compared to這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)也是一個(gè)機(jī)智的選擇。

　　Topic 3: Some people think computers and the Internet are important in children’s study, but others think students can learn more effectively in schools and with teachers. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

　　To begin with, in order to complete the homework assigned, children need to participate in the group discussion, which helps them to finish the assignments with great efficiency. In contrast to the Internet-based learning form, this kind of traditional schooling positively affect them not only in getting work done in a relatively short time, but also in developing their ability to acquire skills of interacting with their peers.

　　本題考的是老師教學(xué)與電腦教學(xué)的討論分析。根據(jù)出題特點(diǎn)，雙邊討論型題目，在對(duì)一方觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論述的時(shí)候，可以把另一方觀點(diǎn)作為對(duì)立面來(lái)進(jìn)行對(duì)比論證。范例論述的是在校學(xué)習(xí)的好處，有社交更有效率。直接用了in contrast to這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，一筆帶過(guò)比較對(duì)象，也沒(méi)有進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的正反分析。這主要取決于考生的思路決定是具體比較還是側(cè)重描述一方。

　　2.過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在對(duì)比：

　　對(duì)于過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在對(duì)比來(lái)說(shuō)，涉及到change類字眼的題目都可以使用。相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)，科技類的文章用得比較頻繁。比如要說(shuō)明科技對(duì)人們生活的改變，考生們可以寫科技改變?nèi)藗兊耐ㄓ嵎绞交蛘叱鲂蟹绞降鹊龋�然后就可以從過(guò)去的通訊方式或者出行方式以及現(xiàn)在的通訊方式、出行方式的改變進(jìn)行比較。用這種論證方法時(shí)，要注意過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)以及相反的對(duì)比關(guān)系。

　　常用句型：

　　In the past… Nowadays, however, …

　　Topic 1: People think that a hundred years ago, the human race was steadily improving in every area of life. Nowadays, there is no certainty of this case. In which areas do you think we have made important progress nowadays? In which areas do you think we still need to make progress?

　　First of all, medical advance has changed the world to a totally new face. Before, the average life expectancy of people was only 30 years or so, people often dying from common diseases like flu and diarrhea. Nowadays, however, three or four generations can live happily together, with the eldest one more than 100, which is never far and few between. The wholesome medical care can easily cure even some rare diseases.

　　本題要注意審題，很多考生在考到這題的時(shí)候第一反應(yīng)是題目太長(zhǎng)，題目沒(méi)有馬上理解看懂，就開始慌了。其實(shí)靜下心來(lái)，一句句理解馬上能看出考題意圖。其次要注意考試的題型，題目問(wèn)了兩個(gè)問(wèn)題，要回答人類已經(jīng)取得的進(jìn)步和依然需要進(jìn)步的領(lǐng)域，不要在作答時(shí)遺漏了。根據(jù)剛才分析的過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在的對(duì)比論證出題特點(diǎn)，不難看出題目給了明顯關(guān)鍵詞a hundred years ago和Nowadays, 提問(wèn)中的progress也屬于change的范圍。所以我們分析醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域取得進(jìn)步的時(shí)候，就可以很好地拿以前與現(xiàn)在的醫(yī)療狀況進(jìn)行對(duì)比，得出醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域上的巨大進(jìn)步。

　　3.兩種對(duì)比論證綜合應(yīng)用：

　　簡(jiǎn)單分析完了正反對(duì)比和過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在對(duì)比的單獨(dú)應(yīng)用，并不是說(shuō)它們只能單獨(dú)使用，考生們也要學(xué)會(huì)靈活應(yīng)用。在一些題目中，兩者結(jié)合起來(lái)使用也是一種很有效的論證方法。尤其在托福作文中，對(duì)論證的字?jǐn)?shù)需求會(huì)更多，能有效結(jié)合也是一種很好的論證模式。

　　下面我們來(lái)看一道托福寫作考題：

　　Choose one of the following transportation vehicles and explain why you think it has changed people’s lives: automobile, bicycles, airplanes. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

　　The world has been made smaller by airplanes. Compared with other vehicles, airplanes are able to cover great distances in less time. Ancient people may have had to consume several days or even weeks travelling by slower means before arriving at a faraway destination. As a result, our ancestor had very few opportunities to travel to different parts of their country, and world travel was unthinkable. Not everyone was as fortunate as the great traveler Marco Polo. Today, passengers can visit several distant cities within a single day. An increasing number of modern citizens have realized dreams to travel around the globe, and have done so by airplane.

　　看完考題的出題特點(diǎn)，三選一，那么很自然會(huì)想到用對(duì)比論證來(lái)進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)分析。范例選了飛機(jī)最能改變生活，因?yàn)榭梢钥s短世界的距離。先用了正反對(duì)比將飛機(jī)和其他交通工具進(jìn)行對(duì)比突出它的飛行距離更遠(yuǎn)。然后再用過(guò)去的人出行耗時(shí)，而且不能去很遠(yuǎn)這一狀況與現(xiàn)代人可以坐飛機(jī)環(huán)球旅行進(jìn)行對(duì)比，來(lái)突出飛機(jī)是最能改變?nèi)藗兩�活的。兩種論證有效結(jié)合，緊扣主題，達(dá)到了很好的論證效果。

　　總之，對(duì)比論證應(yīng)用廣泛，也很靈活，比較容易寫到字?jǐn)?shù)，考生們可以根據(jù)出題特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行嘗試。當(dāng)然論證方法有很多，考生們要學(xué)會(huì)分析出題特點(diǎn)，將不同論證方法進(jìn)行靈活應(yīng)用。

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