小學英語語法匯總

　　分詞也是動詞的另一種非謂語形式，有-ing形式與-ed形式兩種。由于前面已經(jīng)講過動名詞，這種形式跟-ing是一樣的，所以這講，著重講解-ed分詞。

　　-ed分詞即我們平常所說的動詞過去分詞。它有兩種形式：規(guī)則動詞形式和不規(guī)則動詞形式。規(guī)則動詞形式由規(guī)則動詞+-ED構成;不規(guī)則動詞有其特殊的-ED分詞。在語法功能上，它在句子中所能承擔的成分基本與-ING分詞相同，可以作表語，定語，狀語，也可以用在復合結構中，不管它作什么成分，其最基本的含義是“被動”的。-ED分詞在語法功能和意義上與-ing分詞有一定的區(qū)別。

　　一、-ed分詞作表語

　　過去分詞作表語一般用來表示感受、狀態(tài)(系詞+分詞)。如：

　　We were very interested in the novel she gave us yesterday.

　　我們對她昨天給我們的小說非常感興趣。

　　She was quite frightened by the sudden noise outside the door.

　　她被門外突然的吵鬧聲嚇住了。

　　可以用作表語的常見過去分詞有：

　　amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, confused, disappointed, discouraged, dressed, drunk, excited, experienced, faded, frightened, hurt, interested, known, learned, lost, married, pleased, puzzled, qualified, satisfied, surprised, tired, unprepared, unknown, upset, worried等。

　　二、作定語的-ed分詞

　　-ed分詞可以作前置定語也可以作后置定語，作后置定語時相當于一個定語從句。

　　1.-ed分詞可以作前置定語，此時，分詞與名詞之間有兩種語義關系：一種是分詞表示主動意義;一種是分詞表示被動意義。如：

　　He is a retired worker.

　　他是一個退休工人。

　　This is a newly-developed device.

　　這是一個新開發(fā)的工具。

　　2.-ed分詞作后置定語時，其功能相當于一個定語從句。如：

　　She likes to drink cold boiled water.

　　他喜歡喝涼白開。

　　They were inspecting the houses damaged by the storm.

　　他們正在視察被暴風雨毀壞的房屋。

　　1) Commercial banks make most of their income from ______ interest on loans and investments in stocks and bonds.

　　[A] earn

　　[B] earned

　　[C] to earn

　　[D] was earned

　　解析：B為正確答案。空檔前是一完整的句子，在沒有連詞的情況下，不能填充A和D;根據(jù)題意，“利息”是“通過…(被)掙來的”，有被動之意，所以選B。

　　2) On his return from his _______ college, he found the house.

　　[A] deserting

　　[B] deserted

　　[C] desert

　　[D] to be deserted

　　解析：B為正確答案。此句的意思是“房子”被“遺棄，沒人住”，是被動的意義，而A和C都不符合這一點。D是動詞不定式，一般表示將來或具體動作，所以D也不對。

　　3) 改錯：The age [A] of a geological sample can be estimated [B] from the ratio of radioactive to nonradioactive carbon present [C] in the object is examined [D].

　　解析：D錯。應去掉多余的“is”，使-ED分詞“examined”作后置定語修飾“object”。C處并沒有錯。“present”是形容詞，它與后面的成分構成形容詞短語修飾限定前面的“the ratio...carbon”。

　　三、用作狀語的-ED分詞

　　這樣的-ed分詞通常來自及物動詞。-ed分詞用作狀語時，跟-ing分詞作狀語時一樣，修飾主句的謂語動詞，意義上相當于狀語從句，表示時間，條件，原因，伴隨狀況等。-ed分詞結構作狀語，前邊往往可以加when, while, if, as if, though。這時，我們可以把-ed分詞結構理解為一個省略句，即省去了“主語和be的變化形式”。一般說來，這種結構的邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。

　　1. 表示時間

　　4) Inaugurated a second time on March 4, 1901, ______focused on domestic rather than oreign policies.

　　[A] William McKinley's new term looked forward to and

　　[B] the new term looked forward to William McKinley and

　　[C] looking forward to a new term was William McKinley

　　[D] William McKinley looked forward to a new term

　　解析：D為正確答案。這句話前半句的-ed分詞相當于一個時間狀語從句“When he was inaugurated a second time …”，主句的主語應當是人，所以A和D為可能選項，但A中的look forward to后應跟名詞，那么只有D為正確選項。

　　2. 表示條件

　　5) ________under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six pointed shape.[A] Seen

　　[B] Sees

　　[C] Seeing

　　[D] To see

　　解析：A為正確答案。本句的意思是“在顯微鏡下看，雪花……”，顯然這里的看是“被觀察”之義。B、C、D都表示主動，A為正確選項。

　　-ed分詞作狀語跟-ing作狀語一樣，修飾主句的謂語動詞，意義上相當于狀語從句，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨狀況等。

　　1.表示時間

　　Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like a lion.

　　從遠處看，這座山脈象一頭獅子。

　　2.表示原因

　　Criticized unfairly, she left the office without saying a word.

　　由于受到不公平的批評，她默默地離開了辦公室。

　　3.表示條件

　　Watered once a day, the flower will grow very well.

　　如果每天澆一次水，這花會長得很好。

　　4.表示伴隨狀況

　　He stood there, fascinated by the singing.

　　他站在那兒，被歌聲所吸引。

　　在句子深層結構中，-ed分詞短語的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。如果-ed分詞短語的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致，-ed分詞短語的邏輯主語則需要用一個獨立結構或者用一個由with/without等引導的介詞短語表達出來。如：

　　The question settled, they left for home.

　　問題解決了，他們就回家了。

　　With everything taken into consideration, we all think this is a good suggestion.

　　統(tǒng)觀全局，我們認為這是一個好的提議。

　　6) __________ to steel, chromium(鉻) increases the metal's hardness.

　　[A] Added

　　[B] In addition

　　[C] Adding

　　[D] Adds

　　解析：A為正確答案。(同上)

　　7) __________ enough food and water, they could have beaten the enemy.

　　[A] Being given

　　[B] Given

　　[C] Give

　　[D] To give

　　解析：B為正確答案。(同上)

　　3. 表示原因

　　8) Encouraged by his mother, ________________________.

　　[A] art was studied in Florence by John Singer Sargent

　　[B] Florence was where John Singer Sargent studied art

　　[C] the study of art in Florence by John Singer Sargent

　　[D] John Singer Sargent studied art in Florence.

　　解析：D為正確答案。四個選項中，只有D的主語為“John Singer Sargent”(人名) ，而只有人才能被“encouraged”(鼓舞)，也就是說，只有D中的主語能充當空白前-ED分詞短語的邏輯主語。

　　9) __________ by the decision, the lawyer quickly left the court room.

　　[A] Angering

　　[B] Having angered

　　[C] Being angry

　　[D] Angered

　　解析：D為正確答案。空白處只能用-ED分詞才可和后面的“by”短語發(fā)生聯(lián)系，并且其邏輯主語和主句主語一致。

　　10) Written in great haste, ____________________.

　　[A] Jim made a lot of mistakes in the report

　　[B] there are plenty of errors in the report

　　[C] we found several mistakes in his report

　　[D] the books is full of errors.

　　解析：D為正確答案。本句的意思是“由于(被)寫得急，……”，所以A和C不對。雖然B中的主語“plenty of errors”與“written”邏輯上可以呼應，但與“in the great haste”不一致。 “Written in great haste”的邏輯主語還是“the books”。所以D正確。

　　4. 表示伴隨狀況：

　　-ed分詞結構作狀語表示伴隨狀況時，沒有適當?shù)姆志淇商鎿Q。

　　11) ______________ was not incorporated as a city until almost two centuries later, in 1834.

　　[A] Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch

　　[B] The Dutch settled Brooklyn

　　[C] Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch

　　[D] Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn

　　解析：D為正確答案。從上下文看，空檔處的主語應是表示要點的名詞(“as a city”)，那么A不對;B和C都是一分句，而空檔后是謂語部分，它們不作為正確選項。

　　12) Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, __________ completely to the outside world.

　　[A] being lost

　　[B] having lost

　　[C] losing

　　[D] lost

　　解析：D為正確答案。

　　5. 表示讓步

　　13) Francis Preston Blair, Jr., __________ born in Kentucky, lived and practiced law in issouri.

　　[A] was

　　[B] he was

　　[C] although

　　[D] who he was

　　解析：C為正確答案。

　　6. 表示結果

　　14) _____________ in all parts of the state, pines are the most common trees in Georgia.

　　[A] Found

　　[B] Finding them

　　[C] To find them

　　[D] They are found

　　解析：正確答案為A。本句的主語為pines(松樹) ，這樣就排除了B 選項，因為-ING分詞表主動，而“松樹”不可能是“找”(find)這個動作的邏輯主語，即動作發(fā)出者。故只有A“found”(被發(fā)現(xiàn)) 的邏輯主語與“pines”一致，應選A。

　　7. 表示目的

　　15) They should be kept here ___________ this matter.

　　[A] informing about

　　[B] be informed

　　[C] be informed of

　　[D] informed of

　　解析：D為正確答案。

　　8. 表示背景和襯托

　　16) Known for her caricatures(漫畫) of the United States society, ______________________.

　　[A] Peggy Brown wrote and illustrated books for children

　　[B] the writing and illustrating of books for children by Peggy Brown

　　[C] children's books were written and illustrated by Peggy Brown

　　[D] Peggy Brown's writing and illustrating of children's books

　　解析：A為正確答案。空檔前是-ed分詞短語，空檔處應是主謂俱全句，排除B和D。從-ED分詞短語中(Known for her …)可知，主句的主語是人而不是物，所以C也不對。

　　17) Well known as a splendid pianist in Boston, _______________.

　　A] we all are pleased to hear Mr. Anderson's concerto(小協(xié)奏曲)

　　[B] a concerto was composed by Mr. Anderson

　　[C] Mr. Anderson composed a concerto

　　[D] Mr. Anderson's concerto was composed

　　解析：C為正確答案。(同上)

　　四、-ed分詞在復合結構中

　　Don't get your schedule changed; stay with us in this class.

　　Peter had his gas and electricity turned on when he moved into his new apartment last month.

　　He kept his mouth shut and stayed where he was.(他閉口不言，呆在原地不動。)

　　They are talking about the experiment made in the new lab.

　　五、獨立結構

　　如果-ed分詞短語與-ing短語帶有與句子主語不同的主語，即本短語自己本身帶有主語，這就構成了獨立結構(也叫獨立主格結構或垂懸結構)，這種結構也可作狀語表示時間，原因等。有時在獨立結構前還可加介詞with 或 without。

　　Her eyes filled with tears, she did not notice his coming.

　　18) This ________, we went out to play.

　　[A] was done

　　[B] did

　　[C] was dong

　　[D] done

　　解析：D為正確答案。A是不對的，如果we前加上and，才能選A。

　　19) _______ all his followers dead, the commander was taken by his enemy.

　　[A] For

　　[B] As

　　[C] Because of

　　[D] With

　　解析：D為正確答案。

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