研究生同等學力申請碩士學位英語應試指南—（寫作指南）

寫 作 （一）評價目標 考生應具有用書面英語表達思想的基本能力。所寫文字要切合主題，意義連貫，標點正 確，無重大語言錯誤。每小時寫出250～300個詞的短文。 （二）題型、題量、分值 本部分設1題，15～20分，考試時間為25～35分鐘，要求考生在規定的時間內，按照 本題說明中的要求寫出一篇約120～150個詞的短文，形式可按所給提綱進行寫作，或看圖 作文、描述圖表、寫內容提要等。 （三）試題命題特點及評分標準 考試作文的形式可以是提綱進行寫作、看圖作文、描述圖表、寫內容提要等。但通過對 近年來考試試題的總結發現，最常見的是議論文。寫作評分標準主要圍繞四個方面評判：1. 內容要切題；2. 能正確表達思想；3. 意義連貫；4. 無重大語法錯誤。總的來說主要從內 容和語言兩個方面進行綜合評判。 （四）應對策略 1．先寫作文。寫一篇好的作文的一個先決條件就是心平氣和、頭腦清晰。但作文通常 是試卷的最后一部分。許多人特別是做題速度慢的考生，通常沒有足夠的時間寫作文，在這 種條件下，多數考生不免心慌意亂、思緒混亂。試想在這樣的心理條件下能寫出好作文嗎？ 事實也證明，相當一部分低劣的作文就是這種狀況下寫出來的。 這種情況的應對措施除了平時多加訓練提高做題速度外，在考試過程中可以提前作文。例如 可以將客觀題（特別是單選題）靠后些做，這些題對心理素質要求相對較低。并且，在時間 不足的情況下，可以隨便填上答案，如果運氣好，還可以碰對幾分，從而減少時間不足帶來 的損失。 2．注意審題。看到作文題目后，首先一步也是非常重要的一步就是審題。通過審題就 可以了解作文應該寫什么內容，中心是什么。如果這一環節失誤，下筆千言，離題萬里，不 論你的論點多么明確，論證多么有力，語言多么優美，都不可能拿高分。 3．可寫提綱。在下筆之前，最好就這篇作文有個大致的思路，并把思路以提綱的形式 寫出來。這樣就可以保證文章條理清晰，結構嚴謹，同時可以避免寫作過程中重要內容的遺 漏。當然有時所給作文已列出提綱，自己可以在所提供提綱上稍作擴張。 4．寫作模式。寫作模式可以千差萬別，但就在職人員申請碩士學位考試來說，最常用 也最容易拿分的模式就數“三段論”了。即在文章第一段旗幟鮮明地提出自己的觀點，第二 段加以論述，最后一段在做一總結。這種模式雖略顯老套，但卻易學易用。很容易做到觀點 清晰，條理清楚，所以語言上再無什么問題，拿中等以上的分數應該是比較輕松的。 5．過渡詞句。在寫文章過程中，應注意上下段，上下文的連接。如果適當運用過渡詞 和句型，就可以使文章顯的自然流暢，文章的整體也比較連貫。如，表示開題的詞：to begin with, first of all, Nowadays…；表示因果的詞：because, as, owing to, therefore…; 表示舉例的短語：for an instance, for example, … is a case in point…。 6．夠長即可。文章寫的不必太長，除非你確有把握。因為寫的越長，出錯的機率也會 越大，所謂費力不討好。 7．平時練習。寫作能力的培養，重在平時，所以平常應多練習。可以做模擬題，熟悉 寫作技巧和作文模式。另外，如果養成天天寫日記的習慣更好，這樣更有利于培養英語的思 維能力和表達能力。總之寫作能力上去了，才能真正以不變應萬變。 8．背誦范文。如果考試已經迫在眉睫，臨時背一些經典的范文，也是應對考試的一種 方法。不過這種方法有很大的投機性和冒險性。一句話，重在平時能力培養 ------------------------------------------------------------- 根據《在職人員以研究生畢業同等學力申請碩士學位外國語課程水平統一考試大綱》的規定，要求考生具備一定的寫作能力，在30分鐘內按要求寫出一篇100～120詞的短文，形式可以是按所給的提綱寫短文，或描述圖表，寫內容提要、概述等。本題15分。

一、評分標準

寫作評分標準主要圍繞四個方面評判：1.內容要切題；2.能正確表達思想；3.意義連貫；4.無重大語法錯誤。批改作文時，主要從內容和語言兩個方面進行綜合評判。內容和語言是一個統一體。作文應表達題目所規定的內容，而內容要通過語言來表達。作文是否切題，是否充分表達思想，和語言上的錯誤是否造成理解上的障礙有密切的關系。下面就評分標準的四個方面分別加以說明。

(一)內容切題


在目前常見的作文題目中，內容切題一般包括兩個方面。一是寫作內容要圍繞題目規定的話題展開。比如“A Five�瞕ay Week”(五天工作制)，文章的內容應圍繞五天工作制進行論述，與其無關的內容，當以跑題論處，但此種現象并不多見。其二，在有些作文題中還包括提綱如：


Fire Accidents in Big Cities
Outline：1.Present Situation
2.Causes
3.Measures


這種帶提綱的作文題目不僅要求考生根據標題寫作，而且要根據提綱規定的內容和范圍展開各個段落，不能按自己的思路發揮。考生在這方面出的問題比較多。如1994年考研作文題是：On Making Friends(論交友)，其三段的提綱分別是：1.The need for friends 2.True Friendship 3.My principle in making friends。第三段的提綱要求考生圍繞我交友的原則進行議論，然而有個別考生在段中這樣寫道：


The former paragraph has shown my principle in making friends in some way.Furthermore,what I want to say is that one good friend is enough.


該考生把應放在第三段中論述的內容寫在第二段中，第三段就沒內容可寫了。這類命題作文要求考生按規定和要求寫作，不能按自己的想法隨意更改，寫上段作文的考生不僅第三段沒有扣題，第二段也沒有做到內容切題。一篇內容切題的作文應能既圍繞題目，又能在各段扣準提綱，才真正符合內容切題的要求。下面這一段是另一學生的作文，都是第三段，內容切題，恰當地扣住了“我交友的原則”的寫作要求：


When I choose friends,I do not care what work they do or what social background they are from,but I do notice those little things which reveal one′s characters.I would make sure that we really care for each other,so that no matter how much time goes by without seeing each other,I know my friends will always be there,ready to help if I need them,And I know we are true friends indeed.

(二)能正確地表達思想


一篇好短文能使讀者一目了然。文章的思路應清楚，邏輯性強，能準確表達作者的思想。請對比下面兩段：


Have you a bike?Taking a bike is a good way,most people think.But in university it seems not as good as other places.Bikes are possible to be stolen now and then.Having a bike isn′t always good enough for us to buy one.


上段作者的思路紊亂不清，字里行間不僅有許多語病，而且也沒能把思想表達清楚。讀后仍不知作者在表達什么思想、觀點，因而這樣的段落只能得0分。請看下段：


It is very convenient to use bikes in China.Bikes don′need fuel,nor a garage or a large parking lot.Bikes can go through narrow streets and their prices are low.So bikes are the most popular vehicles in China today.


上段的作者以其簡單的詞匯、簡潔的語言、清楚的思路正確地表達了思想，使讀者觀后能即刻領會作者的思想。


要能正確地表達思想，考生還應掌握一些寫作技巧，如寫好段落主題句，展開段落的方法，寫好段尾句等。此外還應掌握一定的詞匯量和習慣表達法。

(三)意義連貫


文章的層次要分明，條理要清楚，上下文之間、詞與詞、句與句之間要上下連貫，前后呼應，才能使文章結構嚴謹，思路清晰、有條理。


下面這個段落是一篇文章的第三段。文章的標題是：Good Health；提綱是1.Importance of good health；2.Ways to keep fit；3.My own practice。根據第三段的提綱“我的做法”，一個考生這樣寫：


I don′t eat meat much.Every morning I take the long run and in my spare time I like playing tennis and volleyball.In this way I keep good health and lead a happy life.
上段基本切題，包括提綱要點，表達也基本清楚，但是表達不夠連貫。第一句話讓人讀起來感覺有些突然，分析第一句，作者沒有把意思表達清楚，作者的“我吃肉不多”一定含有這樣的意思：我飲食素淡，吃蔬菜水果多，吃肉少。如果能把這層意思寫出來，文章的連貫性也就體現出來了。作者的第二句是從體育鍛煉方面來表明自己是如何保持健康的，這應是本段中的又一層意思，在這里如能加一個過渡詞，會使文章過渡自然流暢。請看下面經過修改的段落：


As for me(1),I enjoy a good health as I keep a simple diet with more vegetables,fruit and less meat.Moreover,I do some exercises whenever I have time such as long distance running,playing tennis or volleyball.As a result(2),I have been a top student all through the four years in the university.So good health is important to everyone(3).


(1)發揮了承上啟下的作用，沒有這樣一個介詞短語，從第二段過渡到第三段就會顯得生硬一些。(2)也起到了連貫作用，在上述兩方面保持健康的方法介紹完后，應該進一步寫出所產生的結果，這結果就是對全段的總結概括。(3)對文章的標題及開頭起了首尾呼應的作用。

(四)無重大語法錯誤


重大語法錯誤一般指時態不一致、主語謂語單復數形式不一致、用詞不當等，這些問題的存在說明考生在平時的英語學習中很少練習寫作，有人甚至從沒寫過作文，因而出現各種各樣語法錯誤是可以理解的。考生應在考前多進行這方面的訓練，一些語法錯誤在實踐中是可以糾正過來的。下面舉幾例常見錯誤。


病句及其分析：


1.So colleg e provid e the best condition for students.


此句的主謂語不一致。因為句子的意思是泛指大學為學生提供了最好的學習環境，這里的主語college應變為復數。這類錯誤極為常見。


2.Going to college does not followed that We′ll have a splendid future.


此句的主語是現在分詞短語，全句的意思是：上大學并不表示我們的未來就一定會光輝燦爛。does not后應跟動詞原型follow。


3.Second,have a part time job for poor student is a good way to help reduce his family burden.


此句中有兩處錯誤。have a part time job不能直接作主語，可以改為不定式作主語to have a part time job,或者動名詞作主語having a part time job。第二處錯誤是poor student。普通名詞前應有冠詞a或the,如前面沒有冠詞，名詞應是復數形式。在這里可選用不定冠詞，a poor student,或者poor students。在此句中為了與后半句中的his呼應將其改為a poor student為好。


4.In recent years,fake goods have been discovered more and more in the market.


第四句是中文式的英文，這是考生作文中的常見錯誤。按照英語的習慣可改為More and more fake goods have been discovered in the market in recent years.


5.The first hand I think is that law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced.


第五句中的The first hand是錯的，應改為On the one hand；I think是插入成分，在寫作中應盡量不使用這樣的插入成分；law 前應有冠詞，此句經修改后是：On the one hand,a law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced.

二、寫作技巧

一篇好的短文應該觀點明確，思路清晰，論述有力、準確，語言正確，文字簡潔、流暢、連貫，結構嚴謹。短文是由段落組成，因此寫好段落是寫好短文的關鍵。


段落的組成分為三部分，主題句(Topic Sentence),推展句(Development Sentences)和結論句(Concluding Sentence)。下面分別就這三方面進行詳解。

(一)主題句


1.主題句的作用
主題句是全段的核心句，讀者通過主題句能了解段落的中心思想。一個好的主題句還能限制話題所談論的范圍，表明段落展開的方向及方法。在英語文章中，圍繞主題句展開的段落很多。下面兩段摘自1995年的閱讀試題。


A job applicant has the responsibility for ascertaining certain types of information prior to the interview. First,the applicant should know what kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career objective.It is important that the applicant be able to state his reasons for wishing to work for a particular company.Second,the applicant should seek as much information as possible concerning the company.Relevant information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location of the home and regional offices,the financial status of the company,plans for expansion,and company philosophy.Information about most major corporations is available in reference books and periodicals.


上段第一句是段落的主題句，句子的大意是：申請工作的人在接受面試前有責任了解某些方面的信息。主題句中的關鍵詞是ascertaining certain types of information。緊接著，文章圍繞主題句從兩方面展開，論述了申請人應了解兩類信息。


If Europeans thought a drought was something that happened only in Africa,they know better now. After four years of below�瞡ormal rainfall (in some cases only 10 percent of the annual average), vast areas of France,Spain,Portugal,Belgium,Britain and Ireland are dry and barren .Water is so low in the canals of northern France that waterway traffic is forbidden except on weekends.Oyster growers in Britain report a 30 percent drop in production because of the loss of fresh water in local rivers necessary for oyster breeding.In southeastern England,the rolling green hills of Kent have turned so brown that officials have been weighing plans to pipe in water from wales.In Portugal,farmers in the southern Alentejo region have held prayer meetings for rain—so far,in vain.


上段中第二句是主題句，它點明了全段的中心思想，即：四年來，法國、西班牙、葡萄牙、比利時，英國及愛爾蘭的降雨量低于常年，這些國家的廣大地區都嚴重缺水。下面的各句都是圍繞這一主題展開的。


從上面兩段中我們可以看到英語的段落只能有一個中心思想，如要再論述其他與該段中心思想無關的內容應另起一段。


2.主題句的位置


主題句的位置可以在段首：


London′s weather is very strange .It can rain several times a day;each time the rain may come suddenly after the sun is shining brightly.The air is damp(潮濕的)and chill(冷的)right through July.On one March afternoon on Hampton Heath last year it rained three times,there was one hail(冰雹)storm,and the sun shone brilliantly—all this within two hours′s time.It is not unusual to see men and women rushing down the street on a sunny morning with umbrellas on their arms.No one knows what the next few moments will bring.


主題句的位置可以在段落中間：


Just as I settle down to read or watch television,he demands that I play with him.If I get a telephone call,he screams in the background or knocks something over.I always have to hang up to find out what′s wrong with him, Baby�瞫itting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses to let me eat a snack(快餐)in peace.Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat.Then,when he finally grows tired,it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep.


主題句的位置可以在段尾：


Doctors are of the opinion that most people cannot live beyond 100 years,but a growing number of scientists believe that the aging process can be controlled.There are more than 12 000 Americans over 100 years old,and their numbers are increasing each year.Dr�盝ames Langley of Chicago claims that,theoretically and under ideal(理想的)conditions,animals,including man,can live six times longer than their normal period of growth.A person′s period of growth lasts about 25 years.If Dr.Langley′s theory is accurate(準確的), future generations can expect a life span(壽命)of 150 years .


主題句的位置可在段首段尾同時出現：


Good manners are important in all countries,but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country .Americans eat with knives and forks(叉)；Japanese eat with chopsticks(筷子).Americans say“Hi”when they meet;Japanese bow.Many American men open doors for women;Japanese men do not.On the surface,it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan,and in a way this is true.But in any country,the only manners that are important are those involving one person′s behavior toward another person.In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country .
(以上4段摘自大學英語精讀課本)


主題句出現在段落首或尾完全由寫作需要而定。一般地說來，寫這樣100多詞的小短文把主題句放在段首更有利于考生扣準中心思想展開論述。


3.怎樣寫好主題句


主題句在段落中有著舉足輕重的作用。因此寫好主題句是寫好段落的關鍵。在構思主題句時要注意以下三個方面：


(1)主題句首先應是一個完整的句子，任何詞組或修飾成分都不能作主題句。如：More burdens,就不是一個完整的句子。Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader

and the text，則是一個比較好的主題句。


(2)主題句不應太籠統概括。如：William Shakespeare is great這句話很籠統，對段落如何展開沒有指導和限定作用，因而不能作主題句。如改為：William Shakespeare wrote several historic plays,則下文就能圍繞莎氏的歷史劇展開論述了。


(3)主題句不能太具體。如：The dictionary is small，句子如果太瑣碎具體就失去進一步展開的意義了。


(4)各段的主題句應相互照應。在以 No Smoking為題的作文中，各段的主題句分別是：


Smoking is harmful.
Smoking does not only harm the smokers but also people around them.
Therefore,smoking is a bad habit.


第二段的主題句用not only，but also連接詞語溝通了上下兩段的內容。第三段的Therefore又起了承上啟下的作用，使全篇融為一體。

(二)段落的展開


展開段落的方法有很多種，在這里我們僅介紹幾種常用方法。


1.依據歸納法或演繹法進行論述
依據歸納法展開段落是指在段落中先引用具體事實或因由進行闡述或論說，進而得出結論。演繹法則是由一般推出特殊情況的結論。
下面這一段落是用歸納法展開的段落。最后一句是結論，也是主題句。


And that is exactly what reading a book should be：a conversation between you and the auther.Presumably,he knows more about the subject than you do;naturally,you will have the proper humility as you approach him.But don′t let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed to be solely on the receiving end.Understanding is a two�瞱ay operation;learning doesn′t consist in being an empty receptacle.The learner has to question himself and the teacher.He even has to argue with the teacher,once he understands what the teacher is saying.And marking a book is literally an expression of your differences,or agreements of opinion,with the author.


2.依據重要性展開段落


依據思想或事實或理由的重要性的先后次序進行論述，可以從次要至重要，也可以從重要至次重要。下面段落是以次重要至重要的方法進行論述的。作者首先指出(醫生)對病人撒謊不僅對醫生本人不好，也會傷害同事，進而會有損于整個醫療事業。


Lies also do harm to those who tell them:harm to their integrity and,in the long run,to their credibility.Lies hurt their colleagues as well.The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patiens;it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of “defen sive medicine”,and thus it injures,in turn,the entire medical profession.


3.依據比較和對比法進行論述


一般地說，比較是指對事物的相同方面進行比較；對比是指對比事物的差異或不同方面。下面兩段就采用了對比方法。這兩段將口頭英語與書面英語的不同方面作了比較，兩段的觀點都一一對應，比如：Oral English is imformal while written English is comparatively formal就是一對觀點的對比。另外，兩段之間用unlike oral Englsh承接，既讓段落過渡自然，又使對比強烈。


First of all,oral English is usually considered informal.So no matter how poor one′s language is and how strange and foreign one′s pronunciation is,it seems insignificant if only one can make his audience understood.Secondly,as to the audience,they are only interested in grasping the meaning,not actually mind,or even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker makes.Furthermore,oral English is also regarded adaptable.When we cannot express something precisely,we may give the explanation of it instead,or correct the mistakes on the spot.So oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding.


Unlike oral English,written English is comparatively formal.It requires good spelling and perfect grammar.Poor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling difficulty.They would be confused about what writers are getting at.In addition,once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concerned,writers can no longer make any changes.To avoid this,one has to pay much attention to spelling,practise grammer and write clearly—constructed paragraphs.As a result it will take longer time and much more efforts to communicate in written English than in oral English.


4.依據時間的先后進行論述


依據時間的先后次序展開段落，就是完全按照事物實際發展的時間先后進行論述。如：下面兩段就是以時間為序介紹鹿的生長過程。隨著夏季一天天過去，又隨著秋去冬來，鹿的新陳代謝也隨著季節的推移而變化。


As the summer progresses and the fawns grow,they become less dependent on their mother′s milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sources.The adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat.Both males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall in order to deposit body fat for the winter.In the case of does and fawns,a great deal of energy is expended either in milk production or in growing,and fat is not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown males.Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow.
As fall turns into winter,other changes take place.Fawns lose their spotted coat.Hair on all the deer becomes darker and thicker.The change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when winter becomes cold.


5.依據空間順序展開段落


依據空間的次序進行論述應是有序地由遠至近或由近至遠，由上至下或由下至上對事物進行描寫。下面的例子描寫了一幅美麗寧靜的夜景。作者先描寫空中的月亮，再隨灑向大地的月光寫到湖四周隨風搖曳的樹枝，又由青蛙的叫聲把讀者引到了湖的中央，最后結尾講：這是一個多么迷人的夜晚。這個段落文字簡潔流暢，有序地按空間順序由上寫到下，由外寫到里。讀者可在平時的練習中注意模仿。


It is a beautiful and quiet night.The moon is like a disc hanging on the dark sky,which casts its light on everything.Around the lake are some trees,their slender leaves billowing in the gentle wind.There must be some frogs in the middle of the lake,whose endless singing can be heard clearly.What an attractive night!

(三)寫好結尾句


段落結尾或文章的結尾的方法很多，比如在文章的結論段提出問題，讓讀者自己去解答；引用諺語或名人名言進一步印證作者的觀點；或將前面所講的內容重點摘述等。在這里僅介紹幾種適合寫短文結尾的常用方法。


1.回答段落主題句中暗示的問題


如下面段落的第一句作為主題句闡明了做摘要的全過程顯示(一個人)的決策能力。在文章的結尾作者以答復的口氣作結論說：根據你在做筆記時所投入的時間和精力，你做摘要的效率會得到相應的提高。


The whole process of summarizing implies an ability to make decisions.You have to decide what the author′s plan is,how the material has been organized,what the key ideas are,and what material is used merely as example.You will not find the technique of summarizing easy at first because it requires so many decisions.But your efficiency in making summaries,as well as your general reading efficiency,will increase in proportion to the time and effort you spend on perfecting your notetaking technique.


2.呼應主題句中的關鍵詞，使用關鍵詞的同義詞重申段落的中心思想


下面段落的第一句為主題句，其關鍵詞是famous。在結尾句中可使用它的同義詞well�瞜nown作結論。


Our university is one of the most famous universities in China.It is an old university whose origins can be traced back to 1938,when it was first built up in Yanan.Now,it is located in the northwest of Beijing.As a university of liberal arts,it has 25 departments,more than 50 majors,about 7 000 students and 4 000 teachers.It also plays a leading role in social science.In short,our university is well�瞜nown both at home and abroad.


3.將段落中所論述的內容以摘要的方式進行總結


下面段落闡述了三方面的內容：environment,goods和service,可以用連接詞not only…but also將三方面概括為一句作為結論句。


Walking into those luxury shopping centers,people will be fascinated by the beautiful decorations,graceful environment and elegant goods.There are various things for people to select:fashionable clothes,lovely stationery or precious jewelries.Besides people will be warmly greeted by salesmen and women who will offer a satisfactory service.In a word,such shopping centers provide not only pleasant environment,abundant goods but also excellent service.


4.以提問的方式結束段落


下面的段落講述吃早飯的重要性，結尾句作者設問：如果不吃早飯或湊合吃一口會怎么樣?這樣的結尾為下一段不吃早飯的危害作了鋪墊。


Many health experts consider breakfast to be the most important meal of the day.If we eat a good breakfast,we′ll have the energy and nutrients we need to begin our working day vigorously.It is especially true if one′s work involves mental activity.However,what happens if people skip breakfast or substitute a simple one for a high qualified meal?


5.使用過渡詞給文章或段落作結論


如：In brief,tourism,according to my opinion,should not be encouraged.這里in brief起總結作用。Certaily,close cooperation will make the world a better place.這里的certainly發揮了強調及過渡作用。


以上兩種方法簡單易學，注意在實踐中應用。


三、圖表作文

圖表作文與寫議論文和說明文的寫作方法大致相同，唯一的差異就是如何利用濃縮在圖表中的信息闡明圖中各種數據和信息所反映的問題。因此考生在寫此類作文時只有在看懂圖表的基礎上才能動筆寫。如果不能全部領會圖中信息，在寫作中就會出現這樣或那樣的問題。因此考生在閱讀圖表時

應注意以下兩點：


第一，掌握圖表上提供的信息及每一欄上面的小標題的標注，由此弄清設計者想通過圖表反映出的信息、問題或現象。


第二，在掌握全部信息的基礎上，著手分析這些信息和表上的具體數字。通過分析與對比，抓住問題，便可以開拓思路，構思文章的布局、段落的劃分及上下文的連貫等。


段落的劃分可根據內容而定。一般第一段應對圖表做一簡要的概述，點出所要涉及的問題；中間段落應對圖表的重要問題進行分析；結尾段對全文做一小結。


請看下面圖表：


FOODYEAR
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990

Grain
49%
47%
46.5%
45%
45%

Milk
10%
11%
11%
12%
13%

Meat
17%
20%
22.5%
23%
21%

Fruit and Vege tables
24%
22%
20%
20%
21%

Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%



審題：


這張圖表介紹了1986年～1990年人們食品結構發生的變化。食品包括四大類：糧、奶、肉及水果蔬菜。從圖表上看，糧食消費量在逐年下降，奶和肉的消費量在上升，可見人民生活水平提高了。蔬菜水果消費量下降的原因可否歸結為物價上揚問題。根據上述分析我們可以將文章分為3～5段。


According to the above table,we can see that some changes have taken place in people′s diet since 1986,which clearly indicates the improvement of people′s living standard.
One of the big changes is the decrease of grain consumption with 49 percent in 1986 and 45 percent in 1990.On people′s dinner tables the traditional dominant food—grain has given some way to milk and meat which were seldom seen on dinner tables before.Since the economic reform in 1978,various kinds of food have become popular in Chinese families.


However,there is a steady reduction of fruit and vegetables with 24 percent in 1986 and a three point drop by 1990.But this is not the main trend.As the living standard of the Chinese people is rising,we look forward to further changes in people′s diet.The proportion of fruit and vegetables as well as milk and meat will definitely increase in the coming yesrs.


四、寫摘要

摘要寫作是一種實用的寫作技能。寫摘要就是要用簡潔的語言概述一個問題、事件或觀點。它的用處十分廣泛，在寫論文、報告、總結或演講稿時都需要這一技能。


摘要的特點是簡明扼要，因此寫摘要時要對全文進行選擇取舍，抓住重點，突出新觀點，強調文章的目的和主要結論。


要寫好摘要，應注意以下三方面：


第一，要理解原文，了解原文的總體結構和主導思想以及作者的意圖。
第二，要確認每一段的主題句及重要細節。
最后，要注意全文的結尾，因為作者常在結尾歸納總結全文或重申主題。


選擇取舍也是寫好摘要的關鍵。一般的細節，冗長的說明，修飾成分等可刪節或簡化。摘要不僅要簡潔，還應(和其他文章一樣)完整流暢。


原文：


The whole process of summarizing implies an ability to make decisions.You have to decide what the author′s plan is,how the material has been organized,what the key ideas are,and what material is used merely as example.You will not find the technique of summarizing easy at first because it requires so many decisions.But your efficiency in making summaries,as well as your general reading efficiency,will increase in proportion to the time and effort you spend on perfecting your notetaking technique.


第一段的中心思想指出寫摘要的過程是檢查一個人的閱讀理解水平的過程。它包括對文章總體結構的掌握，對主題思想的理解。(注意：本文的重點是寫摘要，因此本段涉及的“決策能力”可以不提。)


Your final summary should reflect clearly and accurately what the author has said.An inaccurate summary may be worse than no summary at all.An effective method of testing the quality of your summary is to set it aside for a month or two and then reread it.If it still recalls the essential information for you and seems to express the material in a clear and exact manner,you have done a good job.If it does not,make another attempt.This time you will do a better job.This method,incidentally,may well be applied to other types of writing.Many young writers have been advised to put their material aside for a while.If a piece of writing seems as good a year or two later as the day they finished it,they can begin to feel that it will stand the test of time.The same thing,of course,applies to what someone else has written and you have read.If you think a book you read several years ago was the best you have known,reread it.Don′t be surprised if you find yourself sadly disappointed.


第二段的主要觀點是摘要應簡潔準確。如果寫得不好，就不能接受時間的考驗。段中列舉幾個事例都是為了說明上述觀點，寫摘要時可刪去。


Good summaries serve many purposes.Everyone,from professional to houseperson,needs and uses them.Doctors may have to summarize a report of their findings in a particular case for a medical board.They will have to read the summaries of other doctors and summaries of the latest medical research in their field.Lawyers need to prepare a summary,or brief,of their case before they present it in court.Their summary usually takes the form of a sentence outline,and many an early career is hurt by an inability to present a clear and accurate brief.A junior executive may write a summary of a long report for the president of the company.Electrical engineers will summarize their findings to formulate their plans.A student prepares summaries for use in a term paper.


第三段的中心思想表達了寫摘要的廣泛用途。


摘要：


The ability to write summaries reflects one′s reading comprehension level.If one has a better understanding of the structure of an article and a better grasp of the main idea,he can write the summary efficiently.Moreover,a summary,if accurate and well�瞱ritten,can stand the test of time.Many professions require their staff to possess the ability of writing summaries such as doctors,lawyers,junior executives and students.


五、常用過渡詞和句型

過渡詞在文章中發揮著連接上下文的作用，學會恰當地運用過渡詞會使文章連貫、流暢。本節提供的過渡詞都是最基本的，考生在時間緊、工作繁忙的情況下，可根據自己的喜好，掌握各類中的二至三個用法即可。

1.常用于文章開始的過渡詞語和句子


(1)To begin with首先


例：To begin with,smoking should be banned in public areas.“首先，公共場所禁止吸煙。”


(2)Generaby speaking一般地說，總體上說


例：Generally speaking,it is the best policy to spend more money on libraries.“總的說來，加大圖書館的投資是良策。”


(3)First of all第一，首先


例：First of all,many people in remote areas still live in poverty.“第一，居住在邊遠地區的許多人仍生活在貧困之中。”


(4)With(the development/progress/growth)of(economy/society)…隨著(經濟、社會)的(發展、進步、增長)…


例：With the development of society,women′s role has become more important than ever before in daily life.“隨著社會的發展，婦女在社會生活中比以往發揮著更加重要的作用。”


(5)Recently近來


例：Recently，the problem(conflict,production)of grain shortage has become the world focus.“近來糧食短缺問題已成為全球關注的焦點。”

2.常用于文章結尾的過渡詞和句子


(1)In conclusion最后，在結束時


例：In conclusion,the international agreement should be made to prevent the world from war.“最后，應達成國際協定使世界避免戰爭。”


(2)In brief簡言之


例：In brief,family planning is of vital importance in China.“簡言之，計劃生育對中國具有重要意義。”


(3)In a word總之


例：In a word,without mutual understanding,true friendship does not exist.“總之，沒有相互理解，真正的友誼是不存在的。”


(4)It is high time that…到…時候了


例：It is high time that the issue were to be solved so as to promote the economic development.“為了促進經濟發展到該解決問題的時候了。”


(5)It is only when…that…只有當…才…


例：It is only when people become the masters of the country that science can serve the people.“只有當人民成為國家的主人，科學才能為人民服務。”

3.常用于表示先后次序的過渡詞語及句子


(1)first,second,third…第一，第二，第三


例：First,she had studied chemistry during her sophomore and junior years.Second,she never missed a class.Third,she performed every required experiment in all her chemistry courses.Fourth,she always worked hard.Her classmates were sure that she would win top award in Chemistry during her senior year at the university.“首先，她在一二年級時就選修了化學課程。其次，她從不誤課。再有，她認真完成每一次化學試驗。還有，她學習非常刻苦。因而同學們確信她在高年級時會獲得學校化學大獎。”


(2)To begin with…,moreover…,finally…，首先…，此外…，最后…


例：There are a few reasons for his decision of studying law.To begin with,he is very interested in social affairs and it seems the best way to enable him to engage in these activities.Moreover,his father is a lawyer.He has always encouraged him to do something similar.Finally,he is sure he can get a job after graduation.“他決定學法律有幾方面的原因：首先，他對社會事物感興趣，學習法律有助于他參與這些活動。此外，他父親是個律師，一直鼓勵他從事同樣的職業。最后，他確信畢業后能找到工作。”


(3)Meanwhile同時


例：Meanwhile,the better skills and knowledge children possess,the more opportunities they will be ensured.“同時，孩子們的技藝與知識掌握得越好，今后的機會就越多。”


(4)since then自此之后


例：Since then,the Olympics turned out to be an instrument of peace and freedom for small nations.“自此之后，奧林匹克運動成為小國爭取和平和自由的工具。”


(5)Therefore因而


例：Therefore,if this is included in good education that parents are seeking now,their children will be definitely ensured a bright future.“因而，如果父母們在其為孩子們尋求的良好教育中加入這一點，他們的子女肯定會有一個光輝燦爛的未來。”

4.常用于表示因果關系及分析原因的過渡詞語與句子


(1)As a result由于…結果


例：Her performance in college was excellent.As a result,she has got a satisfactory job.“由于她在大學成績優異，她找到一份令人滿意的工作。”


(2)Due to由于


例：My trip to Guang Zhou and Shen Zhen has to be cancelled due to the financial problem.“由于財務問題，我去廣州和深圳的旅行取消了。”


(3)consequently結果，因此


例：The government was unwilling to risk a conflict with that neibouring country,and consequently,promised to sign the treaty.“該國政府不愿冒險與鄰國發生沖突，因此答應簽署條約。”


(4)One may criticise……for……，but the real cause of…lies deeper人們可以因為…批評…，但是…的真正原因在更深層次


例：One may criticise the school authorities for the fire accident,but the real reason of the accident lies deeper.“人們可以就火災事故批評校領導，但事故還有更深的原因。”


(5)Among…reasons,one should be emphasized that…在眾多的原因中，其中一點給予強調…


例：Among the most important reasons,one reason should be emphasized that large pieces of cultivated land have been occupied,which results in the grain shortage.“在許多重要的原因中，其中一點應強調的是造成糧食減產是因為大量的可耕地被占用。”

5.常用于比較和對比的過渡詞


(1)unlike…與…不同


例：Unlike oral English,written English is comparatively formal.“與口頭英語不同，筆頭英語比較正規。”


(2)In contrast…與之相比


例：In contrast with Tom,Mario seldom studies harder.“與湯姆比，瑪里奧很少努力學習。”


(3)On the other hand…另一方面


例：The life expectancy in developing countries has increased during the past thirty years.On the other hand,the infant mortality has decreased from twenty percent to ten percent in the same period.“發展中國家的期望壽命在過去的30年間都增長了。另一方面嬰兒死亡率同期由20%下降到10%。”


(4)Likewise同樣


例：Plenty of food must be packed for the journey；likewise,warm clothes will also be needed.“要帶上旅行中吃的食品，同樣也需要帶上御寒保暖的衣服。”


(5)similarly同樣


例：If only one can make his audience understood,it seems insignificant if one makes some mistakes in his oral English;similarly,as to the audience,they are only interested in grasping the meaning,not actually mind or even hardly notice the speakers mistakes.“只要能使聽眾聽明白，在口頭英語中出一些錯誤是無關緊要的，同樣作為聽眾也只對講話者的意思感興趣，根本不介意或幾乎注意不到講話者所犯的口語錯誤。”


六、對考生的幾點建議

以下幾方面是考生在復習準備期間和考試時應特別注意的：

(一)考前準備
考生在考前應寫幾篇短文，按照本書提供的練習，先找自己感興趣的題目寫。對一些從沒寫過英語作文的考生來說，要克服畏難情緒，寫第一篇作文時，考生有可能出現較多較嚴重的錯誤，但不要緊，因為只有邁出第一步，才能取得更大的進步，否則會永遠停留在不會寫的水平上。建議考生自己動筆，寫前不要看范文，可以參考一下寫作提示，寫完后再與范文對照。另外，不要死記硬背范文，考生應從范文中找出自己喜好和需要的句型或詞匯記憶，因為作文沒有唯一的標準答案，只要寫得好就會得高分。

(二)避免寫錯句
作文要表達清楚，錯句、語病太多肯定影響表達思想。因而考生在寫作時一定要首先做到盡可能地減少錯誤，在此基礎上才可以考慮有一些句式的變化。如果為了追求句式的變化而出現一些本來可以避免的錯誤，同樣會影響成績。同時，寫作時還應避開自己不會用英文表達的思想，使用自己有把握的句型和詞匯，這樣才能更好地避免錯誤。

(三)篇幅適中
由于寫作的時間只有30分鐘，篇幅要求100詞左右，因此考生在確定段落的主題句之后，只要圍繞段落的中心思想寫三至五句，把意思表達清楚即可。一般情況下，一篇三段文的短篇，各段的長度應相差不多，不應在前二段中花太多的時間，而后一段只匆匆寫了一句，這樣做也會影響成績。

(四)修改定稿
修改定稿是考生在考場應試時決不能缺少的一步。考生在30分鐘的寫作考試中應留出2至3分鐘，把自己的作文通讀一遍，檢查錯句及語病。相當多的考生是能分辨錯誤的，只是寫時未加注意，只要認真檢查，許多常見錯誤如主謂一致問題、大小寫問題、拼寫及標點符號等都是可以自己更正的。如果考生在平時的寫作訓練中抓住這一環節養成習慣，正式考試時就不會忽視修改定稿了。