一、 General concept of Marine Bills of Lading 海運提單的一般概念 (考試重點)
　　1-1 課文：Marine Bills of lading are used primarily in international sales of goods where the carriage of goods is by sea.
　　注釋：marine bills of lading: 海運提單 primarily: 首先，起初，主要地 international sales of goods:　國際貨物的銷售 carriage: 運輸
　　課文意思：海運提單主要用于國際貨物銷售的海上運輸中。
　　1-2 課文：Definitions of the Bill of Lading vary from country to country. Broadly, the bill of lading has been defined as receipt for goods shipped on board a ship, signed by the person (or his agent) contracts to carry them, and stating the terms on which the goods were delivered to and received by the ship.(海運提單的定義，掌握)
　　注釋：definition: 定義 vary from: 不同 broadly: 寬廣地，廣泛, 總體而言　on board: 在船上 stating: 陳述，申明
　　課文意思：每個國家對于提單的定義各有不同。總體而言，提單是貨物裝船的收據;它由達成貨物運輸協議的承運人簽字，上有貨物送到船上及被船方接收的條款。
　　1-3 課文：It is not the actual contract, but forms excellent evidence of the terms of the contract.
　　注釋：actual:　實際的，真實的　excellent: 極好的，卓越的 evidence: 證據，憑證
　　課文意思：提單不是實際的合同，但卻構成據以履行合同條款極好的保證。
　　我國《海商法》對提單的定義：提單，是指用以證明海上貨物運輸合同和貨物已經由承運人接收或者裝船，以及承運人保證據以交付貨物的單證。提單中載明的向記名人交付貨物，或者按照指示人的指示交付貨物，或者向提單持有人交付貨物的條款，構成承運人據以交付貨物的保證。
　　二、Functions of the Marine Bills of Lading 海運提單的作用
　　海洋提單的三個作用(考試重點)
　　1.Receipt for the goods shipped 貨物裝船的收據
　　課文：A bill of lading is a receipt issued by a carrier that an identifiable consignment of goods has been received by him for shipment, or actually loaded on board his ship.
　　注釋：receipt: 收據 issue: 簽發 carrier: 承運人 identifiable:　可以確認的　consignment: (貨物的)交托，交貨，發貨，運送
　　課文意思： 提單是由承運人簽發的有關承運人已接管提單所明確記載的貨物或將貨物裝船的證明。
　　課文:The bill of lading as a receipt will show the quantity and condition of the cargo loaded, ship’s name, port of loading, the destination, details of date and so on.
　　注釋：condition: 條件，環境 ，情形 destination: 目的地 details:　詳細資料　and so on:　等等
　　課文意思：提單作為收據將會列明所裝載貨物的數量和情況，船舶的名稱，裝運港，目的地，以及詳細的日期等等。
　　2.Document of title to the goods. 貨物的物權憑證
　　課文：A bill of lading is a document of title to the goods. The possession of a bill of lading is equivalent in law to possession of the goods.
　　注釋：document of title:　物權憑證　possession：所有，所有權，持有，占有 equivalent:　相等的，相當的，同意義的
　　課文意思：提單是貨物的物權憑證。持有提單在法律上等同于持有貨物。
　　課文：The holder of the bill of lading is able to obtain delivery of the goods at the port of destination and during transit the goods can be sold merely by endorsing the bill of lading.
　　注釋：holder: 持有者，所有者 be able to: 能夠 obtain:　獲得，得到　port of destination：目的港 transit:　運輸，運送　merely:　僅僅，只不過　endorse:　背書，在(票據)背面簽名，認可
　　課文意思：提單的持有者可以在目的港提取貨物并且在貨物的運輸期間可以僅僅通過背書提單將貨物賣掉。
　　3.Evidence of contract 合同的證明
　　課文：Additionally, the terms of the bill of lading provide evidence of the contract of carriage between the carrier and the shipper. The terms of the bill of lading contain the terms of the contract.
　　注釋：additionally:　另外，加之，又　term: 條款 provide:　提供，規定　evidence:　證據，證明
　　課文意思：另外，提單的條款也為承運人與托運人之間運輸合同提供了證明。提單的條款包含了合同中的條款。
　　三、Types of Marine Bills of Lading 海運提單的類型 (考試重點)
　　3-1 Order Bills of Lading 指示提單
　　特點：
　　1. Order bills are issued by carriers to the order of shipper or consignee. 指示提單是由承運人簽發給指定的托運人或者收貨人。
　　2.The carrier, shipowner, charterer or master will deliver the goods at the port of destination not solely to the named consignee, but to any person designated by him. 承運人，船東，租船人或者船長將在目的港交貨，不用單獨交付給指定的收貨人，可交付給任何其指定的人。(注釋：master: 船長 solely: 獨自地，單獨地 designated: 指定的，派定的)
　　3. An order bill of lading is a negotiable document. 一份指示提單是一份可轉讓單據。(注釋：negotiable document: 可轉讓單據)
　　4. Order bills made out to consignee “or order” can be transferred by them by endorsement. 提單載明收貨人或“由某人指示”的指示提單可通過收貨人或指示人背書進行轉讓。(注釋：make out:　填寫，書寫，說明　transfer: 轉讓，過戶 endorsement: 背書)
　　3-2 Straight Bills of Lading 記名提單
　　特點：
　　1.In contrast with the order bills of lading, straight bills are those made out to named consignees without the addition of the words “or order”. 與指示提單相比，記名提單載明指定的收貨人而沒有附加“由某人指示”的措辭。(注釋：in contrast with:　對比，和...形成對比)
　　2.Straight bills of lading is not negotiable and cannot be transferred to third parties. 記名提單是不可轉讓的，不能轉讓給第三方。(注釋：third parties: 第三方)
　　3.Delivery of goods can only be taken by the named consignee. 只能由指定的收貨人提取貨物。
　　3-3 Shipped Bills of Lading 已裝船提單
　　特點：
　　1. Shipped bills state definitely that the goods have been loaded, it confirms that the goods are actually on board the vessel. 已裝船提單明確表明貨物已裝船，確定貨物已實際裝上船舶。( 注釋：state: 陳述，表明 definitely: 明確地，干脆地 confirm: 確定，確認 actually:　實際上，事實上)
　　2.Most bills of lading forms are printed as shipped bills and commence with wording: “Shipped in apparent good order and condition.” 大部分提單格式都會被打印成已裝船提單格式并且標注“
　　已裝船外表狀況明顯良好“的措辭。(注釋：commence with:　從...開始　apparent:　外觀的)
　　3-4 Received for shipment Bills of Lading 收貨待運提單
　　特點：
　　1.Received for shipment bills state that the goods have been received for shipment, and do not indicate the actual date of loading. 收貨待運提單表明貨物已經收貨待運，但是不顯示實際的裝載日期。(注釋：indicate: 指出，顯示)
　　2.The received for shipment bill of lading grew up because with the development of the liner services it became the custom for the shipowner to receive the cargo some hours or even days before it was actually loaded. 收貨待運提單因班輪運輸業務的發展而成長起來的并逐漸成為慣例，船東在實際裝載期之前幾個小時甚至幾天收到貨物。(注釋：grow up:成長，發展　development: 發展 liner services: 班輪運輸業務 )
　　3-5 Direct Bills of Lading 直達提單
　　特點：Direct bills of lading are those covering shipments between direct ports of loading or discharge. 直達提單是貨物從裝運港直接運至目的港卸貨的提單。(貨物從裝貨港受載后，中途不經換船，直接運至目的港卸船交付貨物的提單)
　　3-6 Through Bills of Lading 聯運提單
　　特點：
　　1.Through bills of lading cover shipment from or to ports involving transport by two or more shipping or railways companies. 聯運提單是由兩個或者兩個以上的海運或鐵路運輸公司負責貨物從或者至多個港口間的運輸。(注釋：involve: 包括，涉及 shipping company: 海運公司 railways:鐵道，鐵路)
　　2.The shipping company, for additional freight, undertakes to make all arrangements to get the goods to their destination. 海運公司將承擔額外的運費保證貨物到達目的地。(注釋：additional:額外的，附加的　undertake:　承擔，保證　arrangement:　安排　)
　　3-7 Clean versus Foul Bills of Lading 清潔提單和不清潔提單
　　1.Clean bill of lading 清潔提單
　　課文：The clean bill of lading bears an indication that the goods were received without damages, irregularities or short shipment, usually the words “apparent good order and condition”, “clean on board” or the like are indicated on the B/L. 清潔提單載明貨物受貨時無損壞，無異常或無短裝現象，通常提單上注明“貨物外表狀態良好”，“清潔已裝船”或類似的字樣。(注釋：damage: 損壞 irregularity: 異常 short shipment: 短裝 clean on board: 清潔已裝船 indicate: 顯示，表明)
　　2.Foul Bills of Lading 不清潔提單
　　課文：The foul bill of lading - unclean bill of lading, dirty bill of lading or claused bill of lading -is the opposite of the clean bill of lading. It bears an indication that the goods were received with damages, irregularities or short shipment, usually the words “unclean on board” or the like are indicated on the B/L, for example, “insufficient packing”, “missing safety seal” and “one carton short”. 不清潔提單是與清潔提單相對立的提單。提單上載明貨物受貨時有損壞，有異常或短裝，通常會標注“不清潔已裝船”或類似的字樣，比如“包裝不良”，“缺少安全封條”或“一箱短裝”等字樣。(注釋：opposite: 相對的，對立的，相反的 insufficient packing: 包裝不良 safety seal: 安全封條 carton: 紙箱)