三長兩短一并列搞定高考英語長難句(3)
2. “兩短”
(1) 形容詞
【定義】形容詞是指用來修飾名詞的單詞,往往帶有-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后綴。
【常見位置】
、 一般置于名詞之前,如a beautiful park。
② 修飾不定代詞(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)時置于不定代詞之后,如“一些有趣的事”應譯為something interesting。
(2) 副詞
【定義】副詞用來修飾形容詞、動詞等詞,往往帶有-ly等后綴。
【常見位置】英語中,副詞的用法比形容詞靈活得多。
、 可置于整句之前,如:Unfortunately, he failed to make it.
② 可置于整句之后,如:The teacher greets his students individually.
、 可置于“助動詞、系動詞、情態動詞之后,實義動詞之前”,如:
The princess looks extremely beautiful today. (系動詞之后)
He immediately saw the black cat. (實義動詞之前)
He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess. (助動詞之后,實義動詞之前)
He can hardly speak anything. (情態動詞之后,實義動詞之前)
④ 可置于形容詞或副詞之前,如:There is an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.
從上面的分析可以看出,雖然英文中形容詞和副詞的在句中的位置和中文略有不同,但一般情況下,它們較短且易于辨識,對句意理解影響不大,因此在給修飾成分做標記時,形容詞和副詞可不標記。
3. 平行并列結構
【定義】并行并列結構是指由并列詞將兩個或兩個以上含義相似、結構相同的并列項連接起來構成的結構。
【標記方法】給平行并列結構做標記的要求是:給并列詞加方框,給并列項加下劃線。標記時要先找到并列詞,然后再找并列項。在標注形如A and B的平行并列結構時,應先找B (即右并列項)后找A (即左并列項)。由于英語中的修飾成分往往置于中心詞之后,所以A和B兩個并列項后面可能各自帶有很長的尾巴,形成“A … and B …”的形式,導致A離and相對較遠,不易辨認,而B通常離and很近,容易識別。找到B之后,利用A和B結構相同、含義相似的原則,很容易將A確定出來。
【常見并列關系】
英語中可以并列的成分有很多,讀句子時要注意識別到底是誰跟誰并列。
① 名詞并列:I like the box placed on the desk and the flowers in your hand.
② 形容詞并列:Mr. Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher.
③ 副詞并列:You are supposed to answer the following questions quickly and accurately.
④ 謂語動詞并列:With the Internet, people can not only play computer games but also do online shopping.
⑤ 介詞短語并列:And that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.
⑥ 從句并列: I’ve finished reading the book (which is written by Mo Yan) and (which you lent me last month).
⑦ 非謂語動詞并列:Singing and laughing, we headed to the park.
⑧ 整句并列:The children can go with us or they can stay at home.
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