如何提高英語(yǔ)閱讀理解技能

　　一、確定中心思想（大意）型

　　此類題主要測(cè)試考生總結(jié)和歸納文章大意的能力。這種題型 往往用下列句型進(jìn)行測(cè)試：The main idea of this passage is ______；The passage is mainly about ______； Which of the following titles best sum up the idea of the passage/paragraph？等等。這種題目的答案往往在主題句中。演繹型主題句多位于段落開(kāi)頭，歸納型主題句一般在段落結(jié)尾。少數(shù)主題句也可在段落中間。若從主題句中找不到答案，則要經(jīng)過(guò)反復(fù)閱讀，歸納總結(jié)出來(lái)。

　　二、辯認(rèn)重要事實(shí)型

　　這類題目大都可在短文中直觀地找到答案。其測(cè)試方式主要有：用“How many…”“Which of the following…”“How long…”等為開(kāi)頭的試題，要求找出相關(guān)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、數(shù)字等；用“Which of the following statements is（not） true/mentioned/the cause？”提出問(wèn)題的試題，要求判斷試題中的備選答案是否符合短文中的有關(guān)事實(shí)。

　　三、判斷、推理、概括型

 　　這類試題可分為三種情況：一是試題所提供的信息在短文中可直觀找到，順此往下讀，可以找到與備選答案中的某一答案意思相近的敘述。二是試題所提供的信息是短文中的某些詞語(yǔ)或句子改寫(xiě)的，不能直觀地找到。備選答案也往往是從不同角度改寫(xiě)的，帶有干擾性，這樣，首先要在文中找到試題信息，順此略讀一下。再回過(guò)頭來(lái)理解備選答案，把備選答案與文中有關(guān)信息分別比較，通過(guò)排除不合理的或與文中有關(guān)文字不相符的備選答案，來(lái)獲取正確答案。三是試題沒(méi)有提供可供聯(lián)系的信息，只要求回答問(wèn)題或解釋原因。這種試題應(yīng)在對(duì)備選答案加以理解后，通過(guò)排除不合理答案使目標(biāo)變小，再經(jīng)判斷、推理、對(duì)比等方法，找到正確答案。

　　我們不妨以一篇閱讀理解文章為例，看一看以上三種類型技能的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。

　　Wood carving began as a necessity in America and developed into an art. Because of the lack of other materials， early settlers were forced to make tools and utensils out of wood. At first， these articles were whittled with a knife， but when pioneer craftsmen set up their primitive shops most of them were fashioned on a lathe —— a machine which holds an object and rotates it while it is being shaped by a tool.

　　However， even after Massachusetts —— born Thomas Blancard designed a lathe which could turn irregular shapes —— an innovation that made possible mass production of gunstocks， shoe lasts， oblong and square wooden wares —— craftsmen who could use knife and chisel skillfully were still in demand. Some found ready employment in shops of cabinetmakers， while others， carved decoy. Still others specialized in creating shop signs， ship figureheads， or in decorating interior woodwork. A few even accepted commissions to make busts of prominent citizens.

　　（1） This passage most likely came from a longer work about early American

    　A. arts and crafts.

   　 B. political leaders.

   　 C. logging industries.

 　   D. fashion design.

　　分析：此題屬確定中心思想型。整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇講述的是美洲木刻工藝的發(fā)展。第一句話作為主題句總領(lǐng)全文，因此只有備選答案A符合文義。

　　（2）According to the passage， the first settlers used wood for their utensils and tools because it was______

   　 A. durable.

   　 B. inexpensive.

    　C. available.

    　D. attractive.

　　分析：此題為判斷、推理、概括型。在第一段可直觀地找到信息“Because of the lack of other materials， early settlers were forced to make tools and utensils out of wood.”由此可推斷出與備選取答案C相符的含義。

　（3）The passage suggests that the early shops for making tools were.

    　A. not very sophisticated.

   　 B. known for doing very quick work.

    　C. dependent on imported materials.

    　D. frequented only by fashionable people.

　　分析：此題仍為判斷、推理、概括型。問(wèn)題中的關(guān)鍵詞是“the early shops”，，由此可以在第一段第三句中找到有關(guān)信息“…when pioneer craftsmen set up their primitive shops…”。順此往下讀，至該段結(jié)尾，可知其文義與備選答案A相符。注意，本文中“primitive”與“early”同義。

　（4）Which of the following objects was an important woodworking tool used by early American craftsmen？

    　A. A bust

   　 B. A decoy

    　C. A figurehead

    　D. A chisel|

　　分析：此題為辨認(rèn)重要事實(shí)型。在第二段第四句中，可以找到與備選答案D相符的信息。

　　總之，學(xué)生在閱讀訓(xùn)練中，不能為做題而做題，而是要在做題過(guò)程中總結(jié)解題規(guī)律和技巧，這樣才能迅速提高閱讀技能。同時(shí)還應(yīng)注意，閱讀技能的發(fā)展是與各種背景知識(shí)、基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)相輔相成的，只有不斷擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面，增加詞匯量，掌握閱讀技巧，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)閱讀能力的真正飛躍。