一、Transport Geography 運輸地理
　　1-1課文：An international freight forwarder should be familiar with international trade routes.
　　注釋：be familiar with: 熟悉... trade routes: 貿易線路
　　課文意思：國際貨運代理應熟悉國際貿易線路。
　　1-2 課文：He or she should have knowledge of main traffic routes, location of ports, trans-shipment points and inland centers.
　　注釋：knowledge: 知識 (have knowledge of: 具備...知識，可以引申為“了解，熟悉” traffic routes: 運輸線路 location: 位置 trans-shipment points: 轉運地 inland centers: 內陸中心
　　課文大致意思：他(她)應該熟悉主要的交通線路，港口的位置，轉運地和內陸中心。
　　1-3 課文：A freight forwarder should also have a general idea of the pattern of international trade and its changing trends.
　　注釋：idea: 概念，注意，明白 pattern: 型式，模式 trend: 走向，方向，趨勢，傾向
　　課文意思:　一個貨運代理人還應該對國際貿易的模式和其改變的趨勢有一個整體的概念。
　　二、Different Types of shipping services 不同類型的海上運輸服務　(考試重點)
　　2-1 課文：The international shipping market offers four types of service, namely, conference lines, non-conference lines, non-vessel operation common carriers and tramp service.
　　注釋：namely: 即，就是，換句話說(=that is) conference lines:　班輪公會運輸　non-conference lines:　非班輪公會運輸　non-vessel operation common carriers: 無營運船公共承運人　tramp service:　不定期船運輸　(tramp: 在這里是指的“不定期航行”)
　　課文意思：國際海上運輸市場提供了四種類型的服務，即班輪公會運輸，非班輪公會運輸，無營運船公共承運人和不定期船運輸
　　2-2 Conference Lines 班輪公會運輸
　　2-2.1課文：A shipping conference is a group of shipping lines operating in any particular route under agreement to provide a scheduled service with a common tariff and a fixed itinerary of ports of call.(班輪公會的定義，了解一下)
　　注釋：shipping conference:班輪公會　group: 團體，集團　shipping lines: 班輪運輸　operating: 運行的，操作的　particular: 特殊的，特定的　under agreement: 按照協議的，在這里引申為“預定的” scheduled: 按船期表的　tariff:費率表，運費表(我們最常用的詞義是“關稅”)　fixed:固定的　itinerary:路線，旅行計劃　ports of call: 掛靠港，停靠港
　　課文意思：班輪公會是按預定的船期表在特定的航線上從事營運的班輪公司的組織，具有共同的費率表、固定的掛靠港。
　　2-2.2課文: The purpose of a shipping conference is to eliminate price competition among member lines and reduce outside competition by trying to capture most of the traffic for member lines through loyalty arrangements with shippers.
　　注釋：purpose:目的　eliminate：消除，除去　price competition: 運價競爭　member lines: 會員公司　reduce:減少　outside competition: 外部競爭　capture:獲得，爭取(原義是“捕獲”)　traffic: 在這里是“買賣，交易”的意思　loyalty: 忠誠，忠實(loyalty agreement: 忠誠協議)　shipper:托運人
　　課文意思：班輪運輸的目的是消除會員公司之間在運價上的競爭，通過與托運人之間達成的忠誠協議為會員爭取大量貨源，以減少外部競爭。
　　2-2.3
　　對于托運人來說班輪公會運輸的優勢(兩點)：
　　1. Stability of freight rates.　穩定的運費率　(stability: 穩定，穩定性)
　　2. Regularity of services.　定期的運輸服務　(regularity:定期，規則，規則性)
　　班輪公會運輸的缺點(三點)：
　　1. Rates are usually high. 費率一般很高
　　2. Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand as in a tramp service.費率不會像不定期船那樣隨供求關系的變化而變動。(fluctuate:變化，變動;supply and demand:供求)
　　3. Rules and procedures are inflexible.規則和程序不靈活(rules:規則;procedure:程序，手續;inflexible:不靈活的)
　　2-3 Non-conference lines 非班輪公會運輸
　　2-3.1 課文：In recent years, along most international routes, non-conference lines have posed a challenge to conference system.
　　注釋：in recent years: 近幾年　along: 沿著　pose a challenge to: 對...提出挑戰
　　課文意思：近幾年，出現在大多數國際航線上的非班輪公會運輸，對班輪公會提出了挑戰。
　　2-3.2 課文：This is attributable to the development of containerization and emergence of many independent carriers.
　　注釋：attributable: 可歸于...的(be attributable to: 可歸因于) containerization: 集裝箱運輸，貨柜運輸　emergence:　出現，發生　independent carriers: 獨立承運人
　　課文意思：這是由于集裝箱運輸和許多獨立承運人的出現。
　　2-3.3 課文：As a result, along some routes, the conference lines have been forced to come to terms with the non-conference lines in regard to rates, and terms and condition of service.
　　注釋：as a result:　結果　be forced to:　被迫去做...　come to terms:　達成協議，妥協，讓步　in regard to: 關于(=regarding, with regard to) 　terms: 價錢，費用　condition:　條件。
　　課文意思：結果航運公會被迫在運價、運輸條件上和非班輪公會公司達成協議。
　　2-4 Non-vessel operating common carrier (NVOCC) 無營運船公共承運人
　　2-4.1 課文：An NVOCC is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled service. He does not own or operate the vessels by which sea transportation is provided. (無船承運人的定義，了解一下)
　　注釋：operate: 營運　vessel: 船舶 sea transportation: 海上運輸
　　課文意思：無船承運人是從事定期營運的承運人，但并不擁有或經營海上運輸所需的船舶。
　　2-4.2 課文：Although the NVOCC is a carrier in his relationship with the actual shipper, he is a shipper in his relationship with the actual carrier.
　　注釋：in relationship with: 與...的關系
　　課文意思：盡管無船承運人相對于實際托運人是承運人，而相對于實際承運人是托運人。
　　2-4.3課文：He assumes the role of the principal and performs several functions.
　　注釋：assume: 擔任，承擔(assume a role of: 擔任...角色)principal: 主要的，最重要的，負責人(在這里是指“委托人”) function: 職責，功能，作用，效力
　　課文意思：(無船承運人)擔任負責人的角色并履行一些職責
　　2-4.4 課文：He assumes responsibility for ocean carriers, both conference and non-conference lines.
　　注釋：assume responsibility: 負責，承擔責任ocean carrier: 海上承運人
　　課文意思：(無船承運人)對海上承運人負責，包括班輪運輸和非班輪運輸。
　　2-4.5 課文：He renders a useful service by providing groupage or consolidation services, particularly to small shippers who do not have much bargaining power in negotiating rates.
　　注釋：render: 給與 groupage or consolidation services: 拼箱或集運服務( groupage: 拼箱，拼裝(小批量)貨物consolidation: 拼箱，集運貨物) bargaining: 討價還價 negotiating rate: 談判價
　　課文意思：(無船承運人)通過提供拼箱或集運服務給予托運人有效的服務，特別是對那些在談判價格中沒有多少討價還價能力的小的托運人。
　　2-5 Tramp service 不定期船運輸
　　2-5.1 課文：Tramp service has no fixed itinerary or schedule and is operated on any route according to supply and demand. (不定期船的定義，了解一下)
　　注釋：according to ：根據，按照
　　課文意思：不定期船運輸沒有固定的路線或者船期表，根據供求情況在任何線路上營運。
　　2-5.2 課文：Tramp vessels are usually chartered at negotiated rates, particularly when the quantity of cargo is large.
　　注釋：charter: 租賃，包租
　　課文意思：通常是在談判價格下租賃不定期船船舶，特別是當貨物的數量很大的時候。

　三、Shipping documents 貨運單證　(考試重點)
　　3-1 課文：The documents commonly used in carriage of goods by sea are bills of lading, sea waybills, manifests, shipping notes, delivery orders and mate’s receipts.
　　注釋：bills of lading: 提單 sea waybills: 海運單 manifests: 艙單 shipping notes: 托運單 delivery orders: 提貨單 mate’s receipts: 大副收據
　　課文意思：海上貨物運輸常用的單證包括提單、海運單、艙單、托運單、提貨單和大副收據。
　　3-2 bill of lading 提單
　　3-2.1 課文：The bill of lading by itself is not a contract of carriage as it is signed only by the carrier. However, it provides evidence of contract of carriage.
　　注釋：evidence of contract of carriage：海上運輸合同的證明
　　課文意思：提單本身不是運輸合同，因為它只是由承運人簽署的，但是它是海上運輸合同的證明。
　　3-2.2 課文：It serves as a receipt for goods delivered to the carrier.
　　注釋：serve as: 作為 receipt: 收據
　　課文意思：提單是貨物交付給承運人的收據。
　　3-2.3 課文：Besides, the bill of lading serves as a document of title enabling the goods to be transferred from the shipper to the consignee or any other party by endorsement.
　　注釋：besides: 另外 document of title: 物權憑證 endorsement: 背書
　　課文意思：另外，提單可作為物權憑證，使提單通過背書，將貨物的所有權從托運人轉移到收貨人或者其他方手中。
　　3-3 Sea waybill 海運單
　　3-3.1 課文：A sea waybill is the replacement of the traditional ocean bill of lading.
　　注釋: replacement: 代替，替換 traditional: 傳統的
　　課文意思：海運單替代了傳統的海洋提單。
　　3-3.2 課文：The waybill is a non-negotiable document and made out to a named consignee who is allowed, upon production of proper identification, to claim the goods without presenting the waybill.
　　注釋：non-negotiable: 不可轉讓的，不流通的 make out: 書寫，填寫(=fill out) named: 指定的 allowed:承認的，允許的 proper: 正確的，適當的 identification: 證明 claim: 要求，主張
　　課文意思：海運單是一種不可流通的單證，且填寫了經承認的指定收貨人，在提供了貨物身份證明后，無須出示提單即可提貨。
　　3-3 Cargo manifest 貨物艙單
　　3-3.1 課文：A cargo manifest provides information regarding cargo on board.
　　注釋：regarding: 關于 on board: 在船上，已裝船
　　課文意思：貨物艙單提供已裝船貨物的信息。
　　3-3.2 課文：A freight manifest gives information regarding freight rates, surcharges, rebates, etc.
　　注釋：freight rate: 運費 surcharge: 附加費 rebate: 折扣，回扣
　　貨物艙單提供了運費，附加費，折扣等的信息。
　　3-3.3 課文：The manifest is prepared by the carrier’s agent but the freight forwarder has to handle it while dealing with the customs and port authorities.
　　注釋：handle: 處理，控制 deal with: 安排，處理 port authorities: 港務局
　　課文意思：貨物艙單是由承運人代理準備的，但是貨運代理人必須持有貨物艙單與海關和港務局(辦理貨物進出口)。
　　3-4 Shipping note 托運單
　　3-4.1 課文：A shipping note is issued by the shipper to the carrier requesting allocation of shipping space.
　　注釋：request: 要求，請求 allocation: 分配，配置 shipping space: 艙位
　　課文意思：托運單是托運人簽發給承運人要求分配艙位的單證。
　　3-4.2 課文：It is a commitment on the part of the shipper to ship the goods and serves as the basis for the preparation of the bill of lading.
　　注釋：commitment: 承諾，委托 preparation: 準備，預備
　　課文意思：托運單是托運人委托運輸貨物，作為準備提單的基礎。
　　3-5 Delivery order 提貨單
　　課文：A delivery order is issued by the carrier or his agent to enable the consignee or his forwarding agent to take delivery of the cargo (import cargo) from the vessel.
　　課文意思：提貨單是由承運人或其代理簽發給收貨人或其代理，使后者能夠從船上提貨。
　　3-6 Mate’s receipts 大副收據
　　課文：A mate’s receipt is the receipt issued by the carrier in the acknowledgement of the goods received on board (export cargo) which is subsequently exchange for the bill of lading.
　　注釋：in the acknowledgement of: 承認... subsequently: 后來，隨后 exchange for: 交換，換取
　　課文意思：大副收據是由承運人簽發，是對貨物裝船的確認，以后可用大副收據換取提單。
　　四、歷年考試分析
　　1.( )is subsequently exchanged for the marine bill of lading. ( ) – 2004年單選
　　A. Booking note
　　B. Delivery order
　　C. Mate’s receipt
　　D. Cargo manifest
　　答案：C
　　分析：參考書中大副收據的內容，這句話是書中的原話。大幅收據以后可用來換取提單。
　　2.The booking note is issued by the ( ) requesting allocation of shipping space. -2005年單選
　　A. carrier to the agent
　　B. carrier to the shipper
　　C. shipper to the carrier
　　D. carrier to the consignee
　　答案：C
　　分析：參考書中托運單的內容(shipping note), 托運單是由托運人簽發給承運人要求分配艙位的單據。
　　3.Normally the marine bill of lading has three functions, namely (　　).2004年多選題。
　　A. evidence of the contract of carriage
　　B. a receipt of goods
　　C. a document of title to the goods
　　D. the contract of carriage
　　答案：ABC
　　分析：提單的三大功用是：海上貨物合同的運輸證明;貨物交付給承運人的收據;物權憑證
　　4.Mate’s receipt is issued by the forwarder to the shipper. ( ) – 2004年判斷題
　　答案：錯
　　分析：大副收據是由承運人簽發的，而不是由貨運代理人簽發的。
　　5. A booking note is a commitment on the part of the shipper to ship the goods and serves as the basis for the preparation of the bill of lading. (　　)　-2006年判斷題
　　答案：對
　　分析：托運單是由托運人根據買賣合同和信用證的有關內容向承運人或他的代理人辦理貨物運輸的書面憑證。經承運人或其代理人對該單的確認，即表示已接受這一委托，承運人與托運人之間對貨物運輸的相互關系即告建立。托運單是提單制作的基礎。這道題也是課文中的原話。
　　五、課后習題
　　5-1、單選題
　　1. An NVOCC probably provides ( )
　　A. tramp service
　　B. consolidation service
　　C. a vessel operated by itself
　　D. flight service
　　答案：B.
　　2. The cargo manifest is prepared by ( )
　　A. shipper
　　B. carrier’s agent
　　C. consignee
　　D. freight forwarder
　　答案：B
　　3. Which of the following documents can be used to exchange for the bill of lading (　　)
　　A. cargo manifest
　　B. shipping note
　　C. delivery order
　　D. mate’s receipt
　　答案：D
　　4. Non-conference lines have no (　　)
　　A. fixed itinerary
　　B. common tariff
　　C. regular service
　　D. vessel of theirs
　　答案：B
　　5-2 多選題
　　1.Conference lines have (　　)
　　A. fixed itinerary
　　B. common tariff
　　C. regular service
　　D. stable freight rates
　　答案：ABCD
　　2.Tramp service have no ( )
　　A. fixed itinerary
　　B. common route
　　C. negotiated rate
　　D. regular service
　　答案：ABC
　　3.Sea waybill is (　　)
　　A. a non-negotiable document
　　B. negotiable documents
　　C. named consignee
　　D. issued by shipper
　　答案：AC