例二：
READING (Time-3 minutes)
Irrigation, the artificial watering of land for agriculture, uses water from a number of sources: direct rainfall.
例二：
READING (Time-3 minutes)
Irrigation, the artificial watering of land for agriculture, uses water from a number of sources: direct rainfall, direct stream flow, water stored in lakes and reservoirs, high-quality groundwater, brackish surface water, and even seawater. Water for irrigation is diverted from rivers and lakes or pumped underground. Different crops have different irrigation requirements, so there are many forms of irrigation and types of irrigation technology.
Various methods of surface irrigation deliver water to a field directly from a canal, well, or ditch. The surface technique of flooding large fields is widely used because of low capital costs and long tradition. Furrow irrigation, practiced since ancient times, involves digging numerous U-or V-shaped open furrows through irrigated land and introducing water into them from a channel at the top of a field. As with other surface techniques, water collects into ponds on the field. In surface-pipe irrigation, the water is piped to the field and distributed via sprinklers or smaller pipes.
Border irrigation is a type of surface irrigation that involves flooding land in long parallel strips separated by earth banks built lengthwise in the direction of the slope of the land. Water flows from the highest point in the field to the lowest. Basin irrigation is similar to border irrigation but includes earth banks constructed crosswise to those used for border irrigation, dividing a field into a series of basins that can be separately irrigated.
LISTENING AND WRITING
(narrator)．
Now listen to part of a lecture on the same topic.
(Professor)
One thing that really concerns water resource analysts is how much water agriculture uses. Agriculture uses a lot of water, more than all other water-using sectors of society. One of our greatest concerns is the very high use of water by irrigation. This is because, in most cases, the water used for irrigation can’t be used afterward for other purposes, such as water supply for homes or industry.
Some forms of irrigation use water more efficiently than others. The efficiency of water use varies by region, crop, agricultural practice, and technology. The least efficient types of irrigation are the surface methods. Your reading really didn’t go into this, but think of how much water it takes for a traditional surface method like field flooding. It takes a lot of water to flood a field. The water collects into ponds or basins, but then most of it either evaporates into the air or passes down through the soil into groundwater. This means that, in lots of places, less than half of all the water applied to a field is actually used by the crop. The rest is lost to evaporation or to groundwater. All of the flooding methods generally waster a lot of water-water that could otherwise be used for other purposes.
Fortunately, there are several irrigation technologies that are more efficient than the poorly controlled and highly wasteful flooding methods. They range from sprinkler systems to drip irrigation. In sprinkler systems, water is sprayed over crops, and this provides an even distribution of water. New precision sprinkler technologies have greatly improved our ability to deliver water exactly when and where it’s needed. However, sprinkler systems are also a form of surface irrigation, and just as in other surface methods, some of the water is still lost to evaporation.
（Narrator）
Summarize the points made in the lecture, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading.
The task requires you to do two things:
(1) summarize the key points from the lecture, and
(2) explain how they cast doubt on points made in the reading.
To respond to the question completely, you have to connect information from the lecture and the reading.
The key points from the lecture are:
1.Irrigation uses a lot of water that cannot be used later for other purposes.
2.Surface methods of irrigation are the least efficient methods.
3.The surface method of field flooding wastes a lot of water.
4.With field flooding, most of the water evaporates or passes into groundwater.
5.Sprinkler systems are more efficient than flooding, but some water is still lost.
Generally, the points made in the lecture cast doubt on the information in the reading, which does not address the wastefulness and lack of efficiency of surface irrigation.
The written response should answer the question by using relevant information from the lecture and the reading. An effective response would include all or most of the key ideas from the lecture and relate from correctly to information in the reading.
Examples of responses to this writing question：
RESPONSE BY STUDENT 1 Word count:169
Irrigation, the artificial watering of land for agriculture, has a high use of water. Water for irrigation comes from several sources, such as direct rainfall, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Some irrigation methods use a lot of water, such as flooding large fields. According to the reading, flooding is widely used because of low cost and long tradition. However, the lecture casts doubt on this point by stating that surface methods are not efficient.
The water that is used for irrigation can’t be used for other purposes. With surface irrigation, some of the water goes to the plants; however, a lot of water evaporates or passes down into the ground. This wastes a lot of water because the water is not available for other purposes such as drinking.
The surface method of flooding large fields requires a lot of water. Some of the water evaporates when it collects into ponds on the field. Sprinkler systems are a more efficient type of surface irrigation, but they also lose water to evaporation.
RESPONSE BY STUDENT 2 Word count: 210
The professor made the point that the use of water for irrigation is very high. In general, agriculture uses a lot of water, and the water for irrigation cannot be used for other purposes. For example, it cannot be the water supply for homes and industry. The reading does not discuss this point.
Another important point is that some irrigation methods are not efficient in using water. For example, surface methods of irrigation use a lot of water. Surface methods deliver water to a field directly from a canal, well, of ditch. Examples are flooding, border irrigation, and basin irrigation. Surface methods are not efficient because they waste a lot of water. For example, the surface technique of flooding large fields requires a large amount of water. However, half of the water is used by the crop, and the rest is lost to evaporation. In general, surface methods of irrigation are not efficient, but the reading does not discuss this point.
Finally, the professor stated that some technology is more efficient than flooding. An example is the sprinkler method, which sprays crops with water. However, sprinklers are a surface method, and some water is wasted. In general, the professor discusses problems with surface irrigation that the reading dies not include.
閱讀材料的分類：
1.定義+解釋——多層例證
2.新發現+三點證據、理論
3.問題 + 解決方案 + 理由
4.歷史現象+原因分析
5.事物、現象+ 利弊分析
6.打分偏高（inflation of marks）
reading
例題： 老師給學生打的分數越來越高
閱讀主要內容
1.分數打得低會減低學生的學習意志
2.會影響教師自己的測評結果
3.因為別的老師給的成績高，如果不跟著給高分，學生出去找工作會吃虧
lecture
解決方案
1.應從小灌輸正確的學習觀念，不應因一次小失利而喪失信心
2.教師的評測可以改在學期結束前進行，這樣學生的成績就不會影響到評測結果
3.企業在選拔人才時可以看學生在班級中的排名而不是單純的成績
例文：
第一段：
概括雙方論點，構成第一次相關
語言和用此要考究，但是絕對不要使用網絡模板
The inflation in college grading is said to be positive in reading. But the lecturer 反駁？this assertion after providing …
表達反駁的詞語
1.Gainsay her claims by…
2.Do not grant or concede or acknowledge that…
3.Refuse to accept as true
4.A refusal to accept as positive
5.Contradicts that…
6.Disaffirm
7.Assail
8.Resist
9.Impugn
10.Refute
11.Disprove
12.Confound——不能隨意使用
13.Rebut： to contradict or oppose by formal legal argument, plea, or countervailing proof b : to expose the falsity of : REFUTE
14.一個學生的段落分析：
The speaker challenges the reasoning that supports the current inflation in college grading system, and provides very specific alternatives to teacher evaluation timing and employer methodology in judging a student.
改寫：
第二段：
告訴讀者聽力中的第一次反駁
1.反駁的點在哪里？What?
2.閱讀材料上是怎么說的？what?
3.說話人是如何反駁的？ HOW？
4.你使用定語從句了沒有？
5.你使用狀語從句沒有？
6.你的句子之間有沒有嚴謹的邏輯關系？
7.你是怎么表達這些邏輯關系的？
8.你試用了那些過渡詞語？
第一個句子： 說話人直接/坦率地反駁閱讀觀點。
副詞：
1.Straightforwardly
2.Candidly
3.Frankly
4.Unequivocally
5.Pretenselessly
6.Outspokenly
7.Barefacedly
8.Straight-from-the-shoulder
閱讀觀點認為……但是說話人直接反駁到……
As the reading indicates, it is …for …to do…Nevertheless, the lecturer unequivocally contradicts that…
It is claimed in the reading that…However, the speaker believes that this concept stands on a weak ground.
The lecture completely refutes the passage. It is said in the lecture that... Contrary to the belief in the passage that… the professor says that… are in fact less prone to ... The alarm sentinels give off causes to group to move rashly which draws the predators attention towards them, thus drawing away the attention from the sentinels.
The speaker first argues that the inflated grades will not enable students to truly know their weakness, not to mention improve upon them. According to the reading, low grades will discourage students. The speaker rebuts this point and argues that the true meaning of education is not just to satisfy students. Letting the students make progress is the purpose and inflated grades will not help students in this way. As for the reading's concerns that low grades will adversely affect teachers' evaluation, the speaker offers a solution. By finishing the teachers' evaluation before the end of the semester, we can sever the connections between the students' grades and teachers' evaluations.
Lastly, the speaker argues that the school does not have to follow the trend of inflated grades invariably. The reading argues that if the school does not follow the trend, their students will be discriminated, the lecture says that this problem can be solved by providing a weighted relative score. This score will pinpoint a student's percentile in the whole student body and show the other students' scores, thus allowing employers to clearly position the student among the entire student body。
翻譯練習：
閱讀文章中認為北美印第安人大量死亡的主要原因是歐洲移民入侵時期為了經濟利益主要是為了獲得土地和資源而對印第安人進行大規模屠殺。但是教授從醫學史料和病例分析提出質疑。該教授基于人口統計學死亡率的數據，認為是印第安人不具備抗體和免疫能力較低導致的死亡。這個教授列舉了淋病，梅毒等疾病作為證據。并且應用印第安遺骸的DNA證據來支持自己的觀點，反對閱讀觀點。
提示：
massacre.
decimate
shoot.
slaughter.
annihilate.
exterminate.
ruin
put (or do) to death, put to sleep, take one's life
immunity
sexually transmitted diseases
